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Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis/ The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History
The Accessibility of the Late Medieval Goldsmith Guild of BrugesIn 1258, the masons of the city of Paris deposited their oldest known body of guild regulations. (1) This was done within the framework of a much needed reorganization of the overall administration of his kingdom by Louis IX during the last fifteen years of his reign. At that time most guilds of Paris deposited their statutes, incorporating in them, it may be assumed, old practices and customs. It is interesting to note that the masons' guild regulations refer to masons without distinction of rank, and in fact it appears that precautions were taken to preclude exemptions of any kind for any of the members. Chapter XLVIII. of Masons, Stone Cutters, Plasterers and Morterers. In the city of Paris anyone who wishes to be a mason may be one, provided he knows his trade and works according to the practices and customs of his profession, which are defined thus: No one may have more than one apprentice in his business, and if he has one he must keep him for six years of service. He may well keep him beyond this time if the man is available, but for pay. If he keeps him less than six years he will be fined twenty Paris sons, payable to the chapel of Saint Blaise, (2) unless the apprentices are his own sons born to him in wedlock. The mason may lawfully take a second apprentice on the same terms as he took the first one after the first one has completed five years. The king who now rules, to whom may God grant long life, has entrusted, for as long as he may see fit, authority over all masons to Master William de Saint-Patu. The said Master William swore in Paris in the palace lodge (3) that he would protect the guild of masons as best he could, with honesty and justice to the poor as well as to the rich, to the weak as well as to the powerful, as long as the king wished him to serve that guild. Master William then gave his oath in the presence of the provost of Paris in the Chastelet. (4) Mortarers and plasterers come under the same conditions and organization as the masons. The master who in the name of the king heads the guild of masons, mortarers and plasterers of Paris can have two apprentices only under the same conditions, as above stipulated. Should he have more apprentices he shall be fined as above stated.
Placing the anonymous didactic poem Des Teufels Netz next to the Mendelschen Zwölfbrüderstiftung zu Nürnberg, we gain most valuable access to the world of craftsmen in the late Middle Ages. Even though the author of the first text pursues mostly ethical and moral concerns, formulating many specific comments about people " s wrongdoing, his narrative proves to be almost as informative about craftsmen as the Mendel Housebook (short title). The latter mostly consists of a very large number of illustrations of old craftsmen working in their shops, which sheds important light on the tools available, the work methods, and the impressive differentiation and sophistication amongst the craftsmen. The Housebook was continued until the early nineteenth century, whereas Des Teufels Netz was mostly forgotten and did not experience a significant reception. Both works complement each other well and allow us to gain an excellent insight into the world of craftsmen. Although we tend to focus, when studying medieval society, on knighthood, the clergy, and the peasants as the three dominant estates throughout the Middle Ages, nothing would be fully explainable or understandable without a close examination of the rising class of craftsmen and also craftswomen who mostly lived in urban centers since the early Middle Ages and gained a significant, almost central role by the late Middle Ages. Similarly, as important as the church/monastery and the court were as the central locations of medieval culture and power, there is plenty of evidence by now confirming the increasingly significant role played by larger and smaller cities sprouting all over Europe since the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. 1 Many different people lived in cities, as is the case today. But medieval cities were strongly determined by the craftsmen and the guilds, apart from the merchants. Of course, we find within the city walls also various monasteries, and the numerous churches were administered by members of the clergy. The city was surrounded by a wall that had to be guarded by soldiers
Ancient and Historic metals: Conservation and Scientific Research, Getty Conservation Institute Malibu.
The Technology of Medieval Jewelry1994 •
Jewellery History Today, Issue 11 (Spring 2011) : 3-4
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This chapter deals with the mention of gold, goldsmiths and goldsmithing in Byzantine written sources, primarily, with the addition of archaeological results incorporated in the discussion. At the beginning, the connotation of gold and derivative terms in literary sources is mentioned. Hereafter, the question of the origin of Byzantine gold is discussed. It is not unlikely that, even in Byzantium, gold mines near Constantinople were still in use. At the end, professions and names are mentioned that played a role in Byzantium’s gold workmanship. Even though gold was scarce in Byzantium, the empire was able to keep its fame as a »golden realm«.
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