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2008, Oxford Journal of Archaeology
Epigrafic and isotopic analysisof the lead ingots recovered from a ship wreck in front of Capo passero in Sicily in mid 2006 shows that the ingots where produced in Spain, in the Cartagena region. The shipwreck is estimated around 40 B.C.
Oxford Journal of Archaeology
THE LEAD INGOTS OF CAPO PASSERO: ROMAN GLOBAL MEDITERRANEAN TRADE2008 •
Summary. Epigraphic and isotopic analysis of the lead ingots recovered from a shipwreck off Capo Passero (in Sicily) in mid-2006 suggests that the ingots were produced in Spain, in the Cartagena region. The shipwreck is estimated to have occurred around 38 BC, at the beginning of the Hispanic era. This provides further evidence that the Romans were trading lead throughout the Mediterranean Sea.
Lead ingots from the Roman time are a particular class of fidings that can easily resist underwater: natural decay processes, after two thousand years in salt water, are often superficial and not very heavy. Thanks to the documentation provided by the ancient shipwrecks of the Mediterranean Sea, we can now count on a quite large number of ingots from the mines of Carthago Nova and, for later periods, from other Iberian and not Iberian mines. In his famous inventory, Parker recorded 46 shipwrecks with lead ingots; a lot of discoveries, some of them very recent -for example in Sicily- have increased this number. Lead ingots, moreover, are very rich of archaeological data. They can be studied through three different approaches: a typological one, considering the fidelity and the variations with respect to the standards; an epigraphic one, focused on the inscriptions, impressed or graffito, present on the surface of the artefacts; an isotopic one, retracing the origin of the metal through accurate scientific measurements. New methodologies of work, as for example tomographic inspections of the findings, can offer new data to the scholars. In this paper we discuss some new data, on the basis of recent findings and researches.
Lead is often relegated to a footnote or sidebar in the study of ancient metals. However, the hundreds of lead ingots discovered in underwater sites over the past half-century have attested to the widespread production and trade of this utilitarian metal. Shipwreck sites allow independent dating evidence not available for many land find. They also provide information about shipment size as well as accompanying cargo which can offer clues about trade patterns and markets for lead in the ancient world. While lead was not particularly rare nor valuable, it represents small- to moderate-scale trade that bridges the gap between luxury trade and the circulation of staple agricultural products. It thus can be viewed as a proxy for the many other perishable materials that supported daily life, such as timber, cloth, cordage, leather and pigments. Due to the abundance of lead ingot finds, published in many different languages with great variation in the details provided, it is difficult to compare all of this material. This thesis, therefore, compiles and presents data on all published lead ingots from Mediterranean and Atlantic shipwrecks through the fourth century C.E., in order to provide a framework to analyze the ancient seaborne lead trade. Sixty-eight sites containing lead ingots, lead ore or lead minerals are included in the analysis, divided into six time periods: Bronze Age, Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic, Roman Republic and Roman Empire. A typology of ingots has been developed to allow for comparison of ingots between wrecks. The uses of lead are reviewed, organized by type of use: domestic, professional, military and infrastructural. This allows insight into both the consumers in need of lead and the volume and regularity of consumption required for each use. An overview of lead production and its economic limitations further informs the discussion of the lead trade. The final analysis considers all of these factors in creating a picture of lead trade for each of the six periods, focusing on the regions of supply, the types of demand, and the dominant forces that drove the mining and production of lead.
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
(zusammen mit Michael Bode und Peter Rothenhöfer), Roman lead ingots from Macedonia - the Augustan shipwreck of Comacchio (prov. Ferrara, Italy) and the reinterpretation of its lead ingots' provenance deduced from lead isotope analysis.2021 •
A shipwreck of the 3rd/2nd decade BC found near Comacchio (prov. Ferrara, Italy) in 1980 contained not only well-preserved technical equipment and commercial goods, but also 102 Roman lead ingots. Since then, the origin of the ingots has been intensively discussed. Domergue et al. (2012) connected the epigraphic elements with lead isotope analyses and favored the southeastern Spanish lead ore mines being the source of the lead metal. An origin from the Balkan region (Illyricum) was favored by Dušanić (2008). Due to our investigations both assumptions cannot be maintained. We present a new interpretation of the lead’s isotope signature which best match data of ore deposits from Chalkidiki, Thasos island, and Pangaion mountains in the northern Aegean region.
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
Roman lead ingots from Macedonia - the Augustan shipwreck of Comacchio (prov. Ferrara, Italy) and the reinterpretation of its lead ingots' provenance deduced from lead isotope analysis2021 •
A shipwreck of the 3rd/2nd decade BC found near Comacchio (prov. Ferrara, Italy) in 1980 contained not only well-preserved technical equipment and commercial goods but also 102 Roman lead ingots. Since then, the origin of the ingots has been intensively discussed. Domergue et al. (2012) connected the epigraphic elements with lead isotope analyses and favored the southeastern Spanish lead ore mines being the source of the lead metal. An origin from the Balkan region (Illyricum) was favored by Dušanić (2008). Due to our investigations, both assumptions cannot be maintained. We present a new interpretation of the lead's isotope signature which best match data of ore deposits from Chalkidiki, Thasos island, and Pangaion mountains in the northern Aegean region.
Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
Provenance evidence for Roman lead artefacts of distinct chronology from Portuguese archaeological sitesA Roman copper ingot recovered from a wreck located in the border region of the provinces of Málaga and Cádiz is presented in the following contribution. With a diameter of 45 to 53 cm and a weight of 75.4 kg it is one of the heavier specimens. Presumably the abbreviation of a name and the indication of its weight were incised near the rim of the bottom. Lead isotope and trace element analysis suggest a provenance not from mines in southern Hispania, but from the polymetallic ores of the Catalunya region in northeastern Spain.
Baruch Rosen and Ehud Galili Israel Antiquities Authority, POB 180, Atlit 30350, Israel Underwater surveys along the Israeli coast have yielded numerous lead artefacts recovered from Roman shipwrecks, found due to sand shortage caused by nature and man. Unique site-formation processes resulted in intact and preserved assemblages of lead artefacts unaffected by prior salvage. These included hull sheathing, anchors, fishing gear, cooking equipment and containers. Most lead was in objects intended only for nautical use. The finds indicate that people on board ships were exposed to more lead than the general Roman population. Thus the Roman ship was a mobile source of lead pollution contaminating people and the marine environment. Key words: Roman, Israel, shipwreck, lead, environment, pollution. L ead is a versatile metal which is easily extracted and worked. It resists corrosion and forms useful artefacts and compounds, and therefore was widely used in antiquity (Nriagu, 1983). Numerous lead artefacts have been recovered along the coast of Israel from Roman wrecks dating to the Late Republic and the Empire (Galili et al. , 1993; Galili and Shavit, 1994; Kingsley and Raveh, 1996; Galili et al. , 2002a; Galili and Rosen, in press) (Fig. 1). Lead objects similar to those recovered in Israel have been reported from Roman shipwrecks elsewhere in the Mediterranean (Parker, 1992, passim ). Therefore the distribution of lead artefacts in
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