AUTHOR'S COPY, NOT ALLOWED IN ACADEMIA, RESEARCHGATE, ETC UNTIL 01.03.2020 Monographies Instrumentum /59 ANCIENT LAMPS FROM BALKANS AND BEYOND Acts of the 4th International Lychnological Congress («Ex Oriente Lux», Ptuj, 15th-19th of May, 2012) In memory of Jean Bussière LAURENT CHRZANOVSKI, ALEKSANDRA NESTOROVIĆ, VERENA VIDRIH PERKO Sous la direction de Luc BARAY eemm éditions mergoil ANCIENT LAMPS FROM BALKANS AND BEYOND Acts of the 4th International Lychnological Congress («Ex Oriente Lux», Ptuj, 15th-19th of May, 2012) In memory of Jean Bussière Monographies Instrumentum
 Collection dirigée par Michel Feugère ANCIENT LAMPS FROM BALKANS AND BEYOND Acts of the 4th International Lychnological Congress («Ex Oriente Lux», Ptuj, 15th-19th of May, 2012) In memory of Jean Bussière LA RENT C R ANO SKI, ALEKSANDRA NESTORO I , ERENA IDRI Editions Mergoil Drémil Lafage 2019 PERKO Tous droits réservés © 2019 Diffusion, vente par correspondance Editions Mergoil 13 rue des Peupliers F - 31280 Drémil Lafage Tél : 0345440444 e-mail : contact@editions-mergoil.com ISBN : 978-2-35518-090-3 ISSN : 1278 - 6371 Aucune partie de cet ouvrage ne peut être reproduite sous quelque forme que ce soit (photocopie, scanner ou diffusion internet) sans l’autorisation expresse des Editions Mergoil. Textes réunis par : Laurent Chrzanovski, Aleksandra Nestorović, Verena Vidrih Perko Saisie, illustrations : S iss ebacademy, Sibiu Marius Amza Mise en pages : idem Couverture : Mise en page Editions Mergoil Photos : Auteurs Imprimeur : Aquiprint Dépôt légal Février 2019 Birgitta Lindros Wohl Jean Bussière, In Loving Memory................................................................................ 05 Verena Perko, Aleksandra Nestorović Ex Oriente lux! The 4th International Congress of the International Lychnological Association (ILA), Ptuj, 15. – 19. 5. 2012................................................................. 09 Laurent Chrzanovski “EX ORIENTE LUX”: a benchmark for the International Lychnological Association..................................... 13 Angelo Bartoli, Rina Corzani Le lucerne. Analisi e sperimentazione.......................................................................... 17 Doina Benea Spätrömische Lampen aus Dakien Im 3.-4 Jahrhundert.............................................. 27 Julie Bonnéric The Symbol of Light in Classical Mosques.................................................................. 41 Valentina Caminneci Et ornaverunt lampades suas. Tipologia delle lucerne nell’iconografia delle virgines prudentes................................. 49 Francesca Ceci La fiamma ardente. La rappresentazione di luci, faci e fuochi sulle monete romane................................... 59 Paolo Cimadomo Lighting system in Roman Syria and Mesopotamia.................................................... 67 Marianna Colusso, Giulia Cesarin Le lucerne vitree dei Fondi ex Cossar: dal dato materiale alla problematica metodologica...................................................... 75 Radovan Cunja Late Antique Oil Lamps from Kapucinski vrt in Koper (Slovenia).............................. 85 Christiane De Micheli Schulthess Illuminazione in Epoca Romana nel Canton Ticino (Svizzera).................................... 95 Anna Depalmas Lucerne di ceramica e di bronzo della Sardegna nuragica............................................ 103 Saša Djura Jelenko Mayor’s Lamp from Colatio........................................................................................ 117 /1/ Diana Dobreva Imitazioni di Lucerne Africane: alcune osservazioni sul caso Aquileiese....................... 125 Exhlale Dobruna-Salihu Bronze Lamps of Roman Time in Dardania. .............................................................. 139 Ivo Fadić, Anamarija Eterović Borzić Late antique lamps from the Croatian coastal Region. ............................................... 147 Custode Silvio Fioriello Note sulle lucerne fittili di età imperiale nella Apulia.................................................. 155 Vito Giannico Lucerne tardoantiche di produzione orientale rinvenute a Egnatia.............................. 165 Cristina Giovagnetti Dal delta del Nilo al Monte Titano: un‘inedita collezione di lucerne egizie nel Museo di Stato di San Marino..................................... 175 Elisa Maria Grassi Light from all around. Trades and cultural influences in ancient lamps from Malta........................................ 191 Ana-Cristina Hamat Clay lamps from south- west of Roman Dacia. Local production centers.................. 201 Kristina Jelinčić Vučković Lucerne romane trovate a Ilok (Pannonia Inferior)..................................................... 221 Mladen Jovičić, Ljubomir Jevtović Contribution to the study of cult of Bacchus on Viminacium: terracotta lamps with relief depictions of Bacchus mask, thyrsus and syrinx................ 233 Lambrini Koutoussaki Lampes choisies de la collection archéologique de l’Université de Zürich (Suisse)....... 243 Bine Kramberger The oldest lamp of Slovenia. Oval-shaped ceramic find from the Settlement Zgornje Radvanje (last third of the 5th millennium BC)......................... 253 Aleksandra Krauze-Kołodziej Light and Luminosity in Early Medieval Mosaics on the Example of the Representation of the Last Judgement on the West Wall of Torcello’s Basilica............ 265 Slavica Krunić Earliest lamps produced in Italy discovered in Singidunum........................................ 275 /2/ Vinka Matijević Findings of Late Antique Oil-lamps between Krka and Cetina Rivers......................... 289 Maria Elisa Micheli, Anna Santucci Veri e falsi nella collezione di lucerne di Giovan Battista Passeri (1694-1780)............. 297 Neda MirkoviŖ-MariŖ Contribution to the study of Roman lamps from the Upper Moesian limes................ 307 Dorina Moullou, Lambros T. Doulos, Frangiskos V. Topalis Lux in vitro: Artificial lighting conditions in houses of antiquity................................. 319 George Nuţu, Lucrețiu Mihăilescu Bîrliba Lighting devices from Ancient (L)Ibida and territory.................................................. 329 Ivana Ožanić Roguljić, Ana Konestra Rassegna topografica e cronologica delle lucerne fittili romane dalla regione del Quarnero (Croazia)..................................................... 339 Daniela Palmisano Tipi iconografici su lucerne tardoantiche da Egnatia................................................... 353 Elisa Panero Lucerne come simbolo di luce nelle presenze cultuali della Cisalpina occidentale. Il caso del Piemonte............................................ 361 Elisa Panero, Ilaria Frontori Le lucerne delle Terme Milano di Gortina (Creta)...................................................... 371 Elisa Panero, Chiarastella Spadaro Lamps from the city centre: trade and productions in ancient Nora (Cagliari, Italy)............................................... 379 Jean-Louis Podvin Le luminaire de l’Iseum de Pompei............................................................................. 387 Andrej Preložnik, Aleksandra Nestorović Figural oil-lamps with embracing couple: Origin and meaning................................................................................................... 397 Alejandro Quevedo, Victoria García-Aboal Riflessioni su un insieme di lucerne bollate da Carthago Nova (II-III sec. d.C.).......... 405 Mateja Ravnik, Mojca Jančar, Iva Ciglar Medieval illuminants from the Upper Maribor castle, Slovenia. Brief summary of preliminary results........................................................................... 415 /3/ Jutta Ronke Lichtspiel-Theater? Zu Funktion und Ästhetik beleuchtbaren Inventars im Mithraskult........................................................ 421 Xavier Roulet L’éclairage de l’espace domestique dans l’Italie romaine: étude préliminaire à la restitution en 3D..................................................................... 433 Mira A. Ružić Notes on Roman Lighting.......................................................................................... 443 Sylvia Sakl-Oberthaler Römische Lampen aus Vindobona – Relaunch der Forschungen und Ergänzungen................................................................................... 449 Pierre Siméon Quelques lampes du IXe au XIe siècle, découvertes à Hulbuk (Tadjikistan), essai de chronologie et de repartition.................................................................................. 459 Zrinka ÀimiŖ-Kanaet Roman Lamps from Tilurium..................................................................................... 471 Giuseppina Spagnolo Garzoli Lucerne fittili nei corredi funerari del Piemonte antico: significati escatologici e culturali................................................................................. 479 Milica Tapavički-Ilić, Mirjana Vojvoda Oil-lamp typology from the Roman cemetery “Kod Bresta” Viminacium, excavations 1985-1992.......................................................................... 487 Paola Ventura, Claudio Capelli, Annalisa Giovannini Un gruppo di lucerne di imitazione africana. Tracce di un punto di vendita?.................................................................................... 505 Tina Žerjal Oil lamps at vila rustica Školarice (Koper, Slovenija)................................................... 521 Bernarda Županek, Mateja Ravnik, Alenka Miškec Roman oil lamps as political messages: images of victory, valour and imperial power............................................................... 531 /4/ Jean Bussière, In Loving Memory JEAN BUSSIÈRE, IN LOVING MEMORY Birgitta Lindros Wohl /5/ Birgitta Lindros Wohl Jean Bussière was an adventurer in life… that may not have struck everybody who met him. But so it was. And to him some of the best adventures involved travel, preferably to sites with new and tempting lamps. We met at the founding of ILA in Nyon in 2003, thus ILA always had a special place in our hearts---and remained so for the next thirteen years, until his death in 2016. While I consider myself a lychnologist, with many other interests in the classical world, Jean’s dedication, on the other hand (we said jokingly) was that of a lychnomaniac, never tiring of talking of, thinking of, and looking at ancient lamps! Our combination was not as intellectually mismatched as it may sound, in fact it became quite complementary and balanced. And whatever he did, he did with a characteristic intensity of purpose. Our collaboration resulted ultimately in the huge, technically advanced and esthetically splendid publication of six hundred ancient lamps at the Getty Museum in Los Angeles (2017). It is painful to realize that he never got to see the final result, but he enjoyed the Museum and its environment immensely, while working on this project. Jean’s last years were also preoccupied with his own unique field of incomparable knowledge: the imagery of the minutia of rims on classical North African lamps. It could never have been completed without his intense focus and intellectual concentration. But these facts are probably fairly known to scholars of ancient lamps. /6/ Jean Bussière, In Loving Memory /7/ Birgitta Lindros Wohl I think the book he was most proud of described the courage and marine travels of an older friend he greatly admired, Jean Gau, “Navigateurs Insolites”, a man he helped a great deal in later life. However, what is not widely known is a whole other side of his personal make-up. He was an avid traveler and explorer also into other realms. Jean liked to produce a fabulating quality, mixing reality and fantasy as one title tells: “Histoires en Partie Vraies”. I find a personal statement deeply touching : “wishing to leave a memory to his friends of what he was or wanted to be”. As a passionate sailor since young age, he had owned several boats, and treasured time spent on his beloved Mediterranean. Sometimes he crossed alone to Algeria, where he spent several years, and where his love for lamps began. And often he sailed with life-long friends. It should not be a surprise that according to his wishes, he - with his ashes, has rejoined the Mediterranean, continuing his sailing adventures. With what pleasure he retold his marine adventures! Los Angeles, October 2018. The ocean, perilous voyages at sea are also central to a further aspect of his life: literary writing. Short stories was a favorite form, the majority with themes linked to the sea and sailing, presenting imaginary or legendary adventures at sea, often with a poetic, but slightly melancholy, or mysterious tinge. /8/ Ex Oriente lux! Ex Oriente lux! The 4th International Congress of the International Lychnological Association, Ptuj, 15. – 19. 5. 2012 Verena Perko, Aleksandra Nestorović The inauguration of the congress




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1UVK the 120th anniversary was solemnly celebrated. The Museum origins go back to 1893, when the Museum Society was established and some archaeological finds were exhibited in the town lower gymnasium. The founding of the Museum in the former Dominican monastery created the foundations of the present-day Regional Museum Ptuj- Ormož which boasts collections of national and international importance. The The 4th International Congress took place between 15 and 19 May 2012 in Ptuj. It was the result of a successful cooperation between the Regional Museum Ptuj-Ormož and the Regional Museum Kranj with lot of affection and financial support of the Municipality of towns Ptuj and Maribor. The Ptuj-Ormož Regional Museum is one of the oldest museums in Slovenia: in the year 2013 /9/ Verena Perko, Aleksandra Nestorović museum is today a treasure house of works of art, the presentation of which documents of the rich past of the Ptuj area. In the year 2012 Maribor was selected for the European Capital of Culture 2012 and town Ptuj become the project partner. The 4th International Congress of the International Lychnological Association (ILA) was a one of the most important events of the year. The organisation of the Congress was a great challenge for the town Ptuj, his institutions and organizers. More than 120 international and Slovenian participants confirmed our enthusiasm. The number of social events had been the subject of numerous media reports and the Congress received public recognition by the establishment. Conference was enriched by three exhibitions in Regional Museums Ptuj-Ormož, Celje and in Kranj where the rich selection of the archaeological material from the Belgrade City Museum was hosted. Lectures were attended by many experts, but most important, also by members of local community. The conference tours enabled the participants to visit important archaeological sites and exhibitions and to meet with Slovenian researchers. The inauguration of the exhibiton : The organizing committee surrounds the Museum’s director (from left to right): Ivan Žižek, Mojca 7omer-Gojkovič, 7erena 7JESJI
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"leksandra Nestorović. / 10 / Ex Oriente lux! The most important thing was an opportunity to share and to improve common knowledge on the conference topic. No less important was the spreading of awareness on the importance of museum collections as primary source of knowledge. This was especially important in the case of town Ptuj with the exceptional archaeological heritage – but still missing the proper museum representation of it. Due to the lack of research and publication our team decided in occasion of the Congress to publish an independent publication on Roman lamps in Slovenia. The publication offers an overview of ceramic oil lamps, the moulds and furnaces found on the territory of Slovenia. It is based on published material, but important hitherto unpublished archaeological excavations are also mentioned. In the first part, Aleksandra Nestorović offers a short overview of the Romanisation process on the territory of today’s Slovenia inseparably linked to the founding of the Latin colony of Aquileia. Aquileia represented the main military, administrative and economic centre in the Northern Adriatic area, from where Roman dominion spread further afield with the help of the army and numerous merchant families. The earliest Roman finds were discovered in coastal sites – Sermin near Koper being one of the most important. There follow sites further inland, among them Razdrto, Nauportus, Emona, Carnium and Celeia. The awareness that the rich findings from Ptuj deserve special attention - and led our team to organise the Congress in Ptuj. Most oil lamps in Slovenia were found in graves, with the greatest number in Emona and Petovio. A survey of oil lamps, written by Verena Perko, devotes much attention to the material found in Emona. Her contribution also includes a short review of Late Antique and Byzantine and other lamps discovered in Slovenia. Petovio, the administrative and customs centre, was bigger than the modern town Ptuj and at least ten times larger than ancient Emona and incomparably richer. In addition to the remains of numerous temples and public buildings, a water supply system, a bridge, roads and extensive burial grounds, numerous ceramic workshops with furnaces have also been found in Ptuj. Ivan Žižek is author of the overview of Petovio material, with an emphasis on the most recent archaeological studies. The book E x Oriente lux. Roman Lamps from Slovenia was published in Slovenian and English language already during the Congress in the year 2012. The aim of the organisation of the Congress has been to encourage the systematic research and publication work on the extensive collections of excavated material in Slovenia. The amounts of archaeological materials have grown rapidly thanks to the systematic excavations accompanying the construction of motorways. This was also the main reason why the organisational team prepared a Congress Acta so enthusiastically. In the end - due to a fall in the general interest of all involved institutions and stakeholders the Acta were not published in Ptuj. A bitter fact, which brought all team to even more bitter disappointment. Therefore, we owe warm thanks to everybody who contributed, supported and enabled the publication of this new form of the Congress Acta! Iskrena hvala, Laurent! Verena 7JESJI
Perko, Aleksandra Nestorović Ptuj, Kranj, May 2012/2018 / 11 / Verena Perko, Aleksandra Nestorović / 12 / Ex Oriente Lux “EX ORIENTE LUX” : a benchmark for the International Lychnological Association. Laurent Chrzanovski ILA Secretary-General A scientific meeting can be organized in many different ways. After all, an amphitheater within an institutional building is enough to provide, along with the traditional networking coffee break, the frame of such an event. But not all meetings are congresses. A congress must be the result of an intensive preparation, huge logistics and endless work to bring together the most relevant speakers and create a specific atmosphere to generate the most propitious conditions for a creative debate generating new hypothesis, new contacts and feed for thought. So indeed, the Ptuj event was a congress, and even more. / 13 / Laurent Chrzanovski Moreover, a debate around a slideshow is never as stimulating as a debate around an original artifact. The titanic work undertaken by the organizing committee allowed all of us to discuss not only in one, but in three specially prepared exhibitions. The first, named after the congress and hosted in the Ptuj Castle where the meeting took place, constituted the dreamed place to discover and analyze daily the whole antique lamp panorama of the territory of the actual Slovenia. In such a frame, it would not be appropriate to write an extensive and panegyric laudatio of the organizers – ladies first – Aleksandra Nestorović (Pokrajinski muzej Ptuj - Ormož), Verena Vidrih Perko (Gorenjski muzej Kranj), Ivan Žižek (Pokrajinski muzej Ptuj - Ormož) and all their teams and their work, but we do think it is not useless to underline their merits to try, at least in the frame of the ILA, to maintain the new excellency standards reached in Ptuj. The speakers selection has been a challenge fulfilled above any expectations, bringing to Poetovium the most relevant specialists and excavation directors from all the former Yugoslav area and abroad, permitting to draw an up-to-date state of the question of the lychnological phenomenon in Slovenia, Dalmatia, hinterland Croatia and Serbia and generating useful opinion exchanges between the local scholars and their Italian, Austrian, Romanian, Greek and Turkish neighbors. In addition, it came along not with one, but with two catalogues, the first being a careful bilingual introduction to the exhibition and its catalogue1, while the second, edited in a Slovenian version and an English one goes further into the different aspects of the local lychnological state of knowledge2. 1 .
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5IF / 14 / Ex Oriente Lux Slovenian materials from the Ptuj exhibition with the Serbian ones3. The efforts of the organizing committee to raise awareness on our «niche» science reached also a new level in the frame of the ILA. Furthermore, two other exhibitions were waiting for the participants. The first, named «Utrip Tvetlobe» (Pulse of light), on show at the Celje Museum, completed perfectly the Ptuj one, with more than a hundred lighting devices from Slovenia, ranging from Late Antiquity to modern times. The second, displayed at the Gorenjski Muzei at Kranj, was Slavica Krunic’s «Recte illuminas». A selection of the most representative antique lighting devices from the Belgrade city Museum, constituting hence an amazing opportunity for the scholars to compare
UIF English version (Ex Oriente lux. Roman Lamps from Slovenia) is available for free, thanks to the authors, on the ILA new website, www.lychnology.org/flip/ex_oriente_lux/ A congresses, with the official opening made by the country’s First Lady and the Minister of Culture, with its due repercussions in the local media. This aspect, often neglected or underestimated, is a fundamental one for reminding to the political elite but also to the general public, each time possible, that our modest and eclectic contributions are also a part of the constant improvement of the knowledge of our national and European material history. As far as we are concerned, we would like to conclude remembering the auspicia given by the Ptuj Lords’ coat of arms, fixed on the main wall just above the slideshow. Having been members of the powerful Order of the Golden Fleece, their coat bears with pride 3 The exhibition came together with a special booklet, available in English version – S. Kruniʉ, RECTE ILLUMINAS : Antique lamps from Belgrade City Museum (Exhibition catalogue n. 59), Belgrade 2011 –
but, moreover, with the complete catalogue of the
lamps of the Serbian capital’s Museum : S. Kruniʉ,
Anticke svetilke iz MuzeKa grada Beograda (Ancient
lamps from the Belgrade City Museum),Beograd 2011. / 15 / Laurent Chrzanovski the collar made with flints and sparks, symbol of Prometheus’ gift of the divine fire to mankind. Let us hope that the sparks issued from these dozens of flints, immortalized here in the form of the participant’s papers gathered into Acta, will help to lighten many new aspects in our knowledge of lamps. / 16 / Clay lamps from south- west of Roman Dacia Local production centers Clay lamps from south- west of Roman Dacia. Local production centers. Ana-Cristina Hamat Keywords Dacia, Roman clay lamp, local production, workshop T he subject of manufacturing and marketing of the clay lamps in Dacia raised over the time a lot of discussions regarding the descoveries of pieces or molds, stamps that belongs to the local producers, anonymous lamps, the paste, the method and the production technique, workshops and methods of marketing. Progress of the research is mainly due to the growing volume of lately discoveries, to which are added the discoveries already known from the municipal centres of the province as Apulum, Tibiscum, Porolissum, Romula, Ulpia Traiana Sarmisegetusa. Along with already consecrated studies specialized in this topic of I. Cloșca Baluţă, Nicolae Gostar, Dorin Alicu, Doina Benea (BĂLUŢĂ, C. I 1961; BĂLUŢĂ, C. 1965; BĂLUŢĂ C. I. 1986; BĂLUŢĂ C. I. 2003; GOSTAR, N. 1961, 149-209; ALICU, D. 1977; ALICU, D. 1994; BENEA, D. 1990; BENEA, D. 1996; BENEA, D. 2006; BENEA, D. 2007; BENEA, D. 2008; BENEA, D. 2008 a; BENEA, D. 2012), the romanian literature was enriched by studies of C. A Roman (ROMAN, C.A. 2000; ROMAN, C. 2006; ROMAN, C. A. 2006 a; ROMAN, C. A. 2006 b; ISAC, A., ROMAN, C. A. 2006), Simona Regep (REGEP VLASICI, S. 2005, REGEP VLASICI, S. 2007; REGEP VLASICI, S. 2007 a; REGEP VLASICI, S. 2008 ) or F. Topoleanu (TOPOLEANU, F. 2012). Ancient centers such as Ulpia Traiana Sarmisegetusa, Romula, Tibiscum, Porolissum Potaissa, Drobeta from urban areas supplemented by the findings from Gârla Mare and Cristeștifrom rural area, completed the image of activity for some local workshops that had made lamps. This study aims to bring up the local production from south- west of Roman Dacia1, primarily reflected in the discoveries of moulds and secondly by the pieces founded in this area and considered by the experts to be local products2. Totally, we bring into the question about 89 pieces from which 85 clay lamps- among them 163 are only suspected to be local products, and four moulds. Their place of discovery is Tibiscum (present day village Jupa, Caraș- Severin county), Dierna (modern city Orșova, Mehedinţi county), Băile Herculane (Caraș - Severin county), Praetorium (present day village Mehadia, Caraș - Severin county), Pojejena (Caraș - Severin county) and Gornea (Caraș - Severin county). Along with the roman conquest, in Dacia it has We wish to express our gratitude to the prof. Phd Doina Benea, and our colleague Phd Simona Regep for their help and information which they given to us. 2 Along with the discoveries of molds, some lamps found in this area were considered to be locally products due to the the particular paste, method of fabrication, finishing and decoration, as well as the uniqueness of the stamp. 3 This is the case of lamps from our catalog with cat. no. 2- 4, 6, 26- 27, 32- 46, 48. 1 / 201 / Ana-Cristina Hamat been entered types of lamps that were in use at the beginning of the IInd century (BENEA, D. 2008, 33). At the beginning, as it was expected, on the market had appeared the north- Italian products, but soon these imports were not enough. This is the start of a local production, probably related by the existing political, economical and social factors in the newly created province. The economic stabilization of provincial market which it followed the province organization, had two major effects over the production and marketing of this category of goods in Dacia. Firstly it can be observed that there is a diversification of the imports, reflected by the emergence and spread of Pannonian products- firmalampen type, at the expense of italic ones (BENEA, D. 1990 139; REGEP VLASICI, S. 2007 a, 153) - probably sought by the early settlers. The second effect is the development of local production, reflected in imitation of lamps that were in use and their dissemination both in urban and in rural areas of the province. As regards of the local production, it must be said that the first phase of roman occupation it’s marked by the phenomen of copying the italic originals (BENEA, D. 2008, 303), by making a mould after the original (BENEA, D. 1990, 139). The imported lamps were completed copied, with stamp or sometimes the seal was covered resulting an anepigraphic product. The earliest form is considered the one without a stamp (BENEA, D. 2008, 323). These lamps are generally viewed to be the work of some local producers (BENEA, D. 2008, 34). Quantitatively, anepigraphical products are more numerously than those with stamp (BĂLUŢĂ, C. I. 2003, 20- 23). Characteristic to the production of anonymous lamps in Dacia are representated by the artistic simplicity and tipological poverty (BENEA, D. 2008, 307). Anonymous production ussualy was don in provincial pottery officine with a diversified production (MOGA, V. 1979, 9- 17; BENEA, D. 2008, 308) and with a local importance (BENEA, D. 2008, 307-308; BENEA, D. 2008 a, 37). This type of mould appeares in places where local firmalampen production is already certified. In the same workshops may have been worked several types of lamps (BENEA, D. 2008 a, 36). So, the discovering of some mould near the pottery workshops can be a way to identify a local workshop (BENEA, D. 2008, 303). In Dacia we have only one case when we can speak of a specialized oficina, with a production that exceed the provincial boundary, as that of Armenius (BENEA, D. 2008 312; BENEA, D. 2008 a, 34). Most of the workshops had diversified production of which were part also the rushlights. Such an workshop is from Ampelum and it belongs to G.I. Pro (clus or culinus), a name wich appears both on potteries and on the pedestal of some statues or as a graffiti in the form G.I.P. on the bottom of lamps. The production of this master is spread at Apulum and Cristești (MOGA V. 1979, 9-17; BENEA, D. 2004 a, 205; BENEA, D. 2008, 308). In our area is almost unlikely to have existed workshops specialized only in lamps production, this being a consequence of the development of a market segment, therefore of the economic and social development of the province. Political and economic crisis followed by withdrawal from Dacia in the 3rd century determined a return on those workshops with a diversified production. In there, both pottery and the lamps could be worked most of the time on the wheel. In the south- west of Roman Dacia, local production is attested both by the discovery of mould in the commercial center Tibiscum (BENEA, D. 2008, 330, cat. no. 19- 21) and in the roman fort from Pojejena (ISAC, A., ROMAN, C. A. 2006, 81). Also by the discovery of some lamps which according to the composition of past and by the typological features, seems to have a local provenince. Such lamps have been found at Tibiscum (BENEA, D. 1990, cat. no. 12, 18, 20, 22- 24, 27, 31, 41- 42, 46- 47, 58- 6 8, 71-73, 78, 80, 84, 88- 91, 93- 97, 99, 104- 118, 120134; REGEP- VLASICI S. 2008, 344, cat. no. 34; ARDEŢ, A., ARDEŢ, L. C. 2004, 132-134, cat. no. 128), Mehadia (BENEA, D. 2008, 73, / 202 / Clay lamps from south- west of Roman Dacia Local production centers pl. 35/2), Pojejena (BENEA, D. 1996, fig. 23/ 4; ROMAN 2006, 68), Dierna (BENEA, D. 1979, p. 221, nr. cat. 3), Băile Herculane (ROMAN, C. A. 2000, nr. cat. 43 ) and Gornea (GUDEA, N. 1977, 30 and 79, cat. no. V.I 2- 3 and VI. 2, X.13). Theese are either copies of certain types that were in circulation, either pieces with a stamp which certifyied a local craftsmen name, being produced in mould, at the wheel or even crafted by hand (BENEA, D. 1990, 139). The lamps that are discussed in this article are divided in eleven categories. The first seven categories contains the mould- made lamps. The 8th, 9th and 10th category deal with wheel- made lamps and the last category include hand- made lamps. Type 1. Lamp with multiple noses and curls Corresponds to: Benea type V; Iconomu type XI; Loeschcke type III; Ivanyi type III. Only one lamp corresponds to this type which it was founded at Tibiscum in building number I from the vicus and dated with coins in the reign of Antoninus Pius (BENEA, D., 1990, cat. no. 12). It corresponds to the ceramic groups IA. In the opinion of Doina Benea this is a local production lamp (BENEA, D. 1990, 142). Type 2. Lamp with a round body and cordiforme nose Corresponds to: Benea type VI B and C; Băluţă type II, Iconomu type XX; Loeschcke type VIII; Ivanyi type VII. In this type we have four pieces, discovered at Tibiscum (BENEA, D. 1990, cat. no. 20, 2224). The four specimens were found in the civilian environment in the bildings X and II from vicus and two of them have an unspecified founding place. It corresponds to the ceramic groups IB and IIIA, IIIB, IIIC1, being dated at Tibiscum and in Dacia during the IInd and IIIrd centuries (BENEA, D. 1990, 143), even at the beginning of IInd century. Type 3. Lamp with rectangular body and multiple noses Corresponds to: Benea type VII; Alicu, Nemeș, type VI, type XI Ivanyi. This type includes only one piece from Tibiscum (BENEA, D. 1990, cat. no. 27), which it was discovered in the building number III from vicus and dated in the IInd century (BENEA, D. 1990, 143) as well as analogies found at Sarmisegetusa (ALICU, D. 1977, 338). This lamp fits in the ceramic group IB. Type 4 Round lamp with multiple noses Corresponds to : Benea type VIII; Loeschcke type VIII; Ivanyi type XIX. A single piece discovered in Tibiscum corresponds to this type (BENEA, D. 1990, cat. no. 31). The specimen was found in Principia of the roman fort, and was dated at the beginning of the IInd century (BENEA, D. 1990, 144). This lamp is not bound by the military and it probably belongs to the first settlers which have been seated at Tibiscum. It corresponds to the ceramic group IIIC 1. Type 5 . Lamp with open channel Corresponds to : Benea type X; Alicu, Nemeș, type X; Loeschcke type X; Ivanyi type XVIII. In this type are included the most of the lamps discovered in Tibiscum and one from Gornea (GUDEA, N. 1977, 30, cat. no. VI. 2, Fig. 14/3). It’s a very common type, forty-nine pieces fit to this category, being found in both civilian and military environment. A number of twenty-two of them belong to the category firmalampen. Between the stamps we find imitations after FORTIS- the largest number (BENEA, D. 1990, cat. no. 58- 68, 71- 73), CASSI (BENEA, D. 1990, cat. no. 47 and 46), OCTAVI (BENEA, D. 1990, cat. no. 80) MURRI (BENEA, D. 1990, cat. no. 67), FESTI (ARDEŢ, A., ARDEŢ, L. 2004, 132, cat. no. 128), URSIO / F (BENEA, D. 1990, cat. no. 84). We mentioned that at Mehadia was find a lamps with the stamp VRSVA (MACREA, M., GUDEA, N., MOŢU, I. 1993, / 203 / Ana-Cristina Hamat 84, cat. no. 1) which can be a marck from a local craftsmen, unfortunately this one could not be included in our tipology because nowadays it was lost and its drawing is inconclusive. Beside these, in Tibiscum have appeared two stamps, that was considered as belonging to local craftsmen by Doina Benea (BENEA, D. 1990, 146- 147). It’s about CAI and AURELIUS F stamps (BENEA, D. 1990, cat. No. 41- 42). To these we added a series of anepigraphic lamps (BENEA, D. 1990, cat. no. 88- 91, 93-97, 99, 104-118) and a late roman lamps from Gornea (GUDEA, N. 1977, 30, cat. no. VI. 2, fig. 14/3), which it has incised on the buttom a cross. It should be remembered that two of these pieces which were found in Tibiscum, are late imitations of firmalampen type. One of these piece was discovered in the building I from vicus (BENEA, D. 1990, cat. no. 118), it was cast in mould and dated in IIIrd century. The second piece was discovered in the building VIII, was dated to the IVth century (BENEA, D. 1990, cat. no. 134) and was wheel- made, which is why it was placed it in the 11th type. These pieces have the ceramic groups IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, IIIC1, IIIC2. The dating of these lamps is very broad and covers the existence of the province, the earliest is dated at the beginning of the IInd century (BENEA, D. 1990, cat. no. 112), while the latter is, in our opinion, the lamp from Gornea which it may be temporarily assigned to the end of the IIIrd century, maybe IVth century. Type 6. Lamp with an open channel and multiple noses Corresponds to: Benea type XI; Băluţă type III; Loeschcke type X; Ivanyi type XVII. Only one lamps fits to this type. It was discovered at Tibiscum (BENEA, D. 1990, cat. no. 120) in the building number X, and belongs to the ceramic group IIIB, dated between the IInd and the IIIrd century. Type 7 Tallow lamp Corresponds to: Benea type XII; Loeschcke type XIII; Ivanyi type XX. To this type it corresponds five pieces, all have been found in Tibiscum (BENEA, D. 1990, cat. no. 121- 123; REGEP VLASICI, S. 2008, 344, cat. no. 3, 4). Two of them have an unknown discovering place, two were found in the building III from vicus and one piece was discovered in Principia of the roman large fort. Most of them fits to the ceramic group IIID, two piece fits in to the IIB group. Three of the five lamps are dated in the IIIrd century, and two in IInd- IIIrd century. This kind of lamps used animal fat as fuel and we encounter them in the Roman Empire from Ist century until IIIrd century (REGEP VLASICI, S. 2008, 341). Type 8. Wheel- made lamps with a round body Corresponds to: Benea type XIII; Two pieces of this kind were discovered at Tibiscum (BENEA, D. 1990, cat. no. 124125). These lamps are a good example of local production in the IIIrd century, and corresponds to the ceramic groups IIIC2 and II B. Type 9. Whell- made lamps with a truncated cone body Corresponds to: Benea type XIV; Băluţă type IV; In this category we have eighteen lamps among which eleven found at Tibiscum (BENEA, D. 1990, cat. no. 126- 133; BENEA, D. 1996, fig. 22/1; REGEP VLASICI, S. 2007, cat. no. 190), two from Pojejena (BENEA, D. 1996, fig. 23/ 4; Isac A., Roman C. A 2006, 68), one from Dierna (BENEA, D. 1979, 221, cat. no. 3, pl. I/ 3), and three from Gornea (GUDEA, N. 1977, 79, cat. no. X.1- X. 3, fig. 34 / 4, 5, 6), one from Mehadia (BENEA, D. 2008, 73-74, cat. no. 5) and one found in Băile Herculane (ROMAN, C. A. 2000, cat. no. 43). The pieces were discovered in the civilian environment from Tibiscum and in the temple discovered at Mehadia. Also some of them were found in the military environment from / 204 / Clay lamps from south- west of Roman Dacia Local production centers the castellum in Gornea and at Principia of the roman fort from Tibiscum, or in the roman fort from Pojejena. It corresponds to the ceramic groups IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, IIID, being dated in the IIIrd – IVth centuries. Tip. 10. Wheel- made lamps with a round body and open channel Corresponds to : Benea type XV. To this type corresponds one single piece discovered at Tibiscum (BENEA, D. 1990, cat. no. 134). This was discovered in the building VIII and dated in IVth century. The lampe found here, is a later imitation of firmalampen - made in mould. We would like to remember that in the building VIII, functioned a pottery workshop, dated from the middle to the end of IIIrd century. So so this lamp can be produced right here. It corresponds to the ceramic group IIIC2. Type 11 Hand-made lamp To this type corresponds two pieces (CHIRILĂ, E., GUDEA, I., MATEI, A., LUCĂCEL, V. 1973, 582-586, fig. 14/7- 8; GUDEA, N. 1977, 30, no. cat. V. 2- 3, fig. 17/6- 7) found in the civil context at Gornea. These are handmade cups with an dacian origin, used for lighting. Both being dated to the late of IIIrd century and at the beginning of the IVth century. It corresponds to the ceramic groups IIID. In order to study the roman lamps, is essential to analyze the past to determine with a much certainty the existence of a local production. The paste from which are made these lamps is locally, with a high content of sand and small pieces of mica (BENEA, D. 1990, 140). Depending on the color, composition and degreasing agent, the paste of locally made lamps, is divided in to several ceramic groups as follows: IA Characterized by a yellowish color, fine and homogeneous paste, free from impurities and bright carmine verniss that cover the entire piece. This group corresponds the type 1, an was used în the firs half of IInd century. IB Characterized by yellowish color, semifine, homogeneous paste, containing mica as degreaser, red or brown verniss. This group corresponds the types 2, 3 and 5, and was used in IInd - IIIrd centuries. It is characteristic for local products (BENEA, D. 1990, 140). IIA Characterized by a gray color, fine and smooth, almost no impurities in the paste. This group corresponds the type 9 and was used in IInd - IVth centuries. In this groupe we have included the lamp from Dierna (BENEA, D. 1979, 221, cat. no. 3, pl. I/ 3; ROMAN, C. A. 2000, nr. cat. 77), which is possible to come from a local workshop. IIB Characterized by a gray color, semifine, homogeneous paste, containing mica as degreaser, brown verniss. This group corresponds the types 5, 7, 8 and 9 and was used in IInd – IVth centuries. IIIA Characterized by a red color, fine, homogeneous paste, free from impurities, carmine verniss that cover the entire piece. This group corresponds the types 5 and 9 and was used in IInd – IVth centuries. Even if the lamps from this category could be produced locally at Tibiscum, and they are considered in this way by the bibliography (BENEA, D. 1990, 145; REGEP VLASICI, S. 2007, cat. no. 105), we have reserve that numbers 26, 27 from our catalogue, are local. Maybe these are products from local workshops in Ulpia Traiana (BENEA, D. 1990, 140). The other two, discovered at Gornea, it can be possible to be local products given the fact that they the latter lamps. IIIB Characterized by a red color, semifine, smooth paste, almost no impurities, bright carmine red or brown verniss. This group corresponds to the types 2, 5, 6 and 9 and was used in IInd – IVth centuries. It is characteristic for local products (BENEA, D. 1990, 152). IIIC1 Characterized by a brick- red color, homogeneous, with mica used as a degreaser. This group corresponds the types 2, 4 and 5 and was used in the first half of IInd - IIIrd centuries. It is characteristic for local products (BENEA, D. 1990, 140). / 205 / Ana-Cristina Hamat IIIC2 Characterized by a brick- red color, coarse and uniform paste, in composition there is sand and mica. This group corresponds to the types 5, 8 and 10 and was used in IInd – IVth centuries. It is characteristic for local products (BENEA, D. 1990, 140). III D Characterized by a brick red color and coarse paste, it has in composition grit and mica, it’s quite badly worked. This group corresponds to the types 7, 9 and 11 and was used in the second half of IInd – IVth centuries. It is characteristic for local products (BENEA, D. 1990, 140). In the most part, the ceramic groups keeps the structure presented by D. Benea for the lamps from Tibiscum (BENEA, D. 1990, 140). Paste quality is lower in most of the cases, having in it’s structure from sand and mica to small grit as degreaser. The texture doesn’t have a high quality, being under expectation. For these reasons, distribution area reduces probably only at the settlement area (fort and civil settlement), up to 30 km (ROMAN, C. A. 2006, 292). The most common groups are IIIC 1, IIID, IB and the last IIIB. A small number of pieces could not be assigned to any group. Regarding the paste and the technical execution from the eighty- five lamps only sixty- nine that can be considered certainly, local products. Fiftynine of these are made in mould, twenty-four at the wheel and two are hand- made. At Tibiscum, most of them were made in mould, and at Gornea most are wheel- made, situation which reveals a different chronological case. The locations where such local products were discovered in south- west of Dacia are also important. The first, Tibiscum had represented in ancient time an important commercial center of trade at the western border of the provinceand the Roman Empire. This city, probably at least until at the arrival of the Huns, retains some economic influence on the western zone4. Ceramic workshops and the one for glass beads does not stop their production along with the 4 Diversified production of his workshops includes a series of ceramic workshops5 (BENEA, D. 1982, 27, 32-34), private or military officine, that could produce also lamps, if there was demand from the market. In 1982, Doina Benea mentioned that at Tibiscum at least two specialised workshops in producing lamps could have been existed. On one side, is the category of lamps with an open channel, the anepigraphic ones which throught the paste’s composition, manner of execution and finishing, could have been produced with specific features for Tibiscum (BENEA, D. 1982, 26). These products that were actually an imitation after firmalampen remain anonymous (BENEA, D. 1982, 26), therefore they could be produced relatively early according to the dating of some exemplars present in our catalog. Besides these ,we find later imitations of the firmalampen type, dated in IIIrd- IVth century (BENEA, D. 1990, 166-167, cat. no. 118 and no. 134; BENEA, D. 2004, 255, cat. no. 11, fig. 42/ 2). This aspect is an evidence that in this settlement the economic demand for such products and the profitability of such a business was maintained after the withdrawal of Roman Empire from Dacia. On the other hand, there are lamp with AURELIUS stamp (BENEA, D. 1990, no. 41, fig. 5.14; BENEA, D. 2008, 312), which supposed to come from the hands of another master than those without stamp (BENEA, D. 1982, 27). Or the ones with CAI stamp (BENEA, D. 1990, cat. no. 42, fig. 6.14; BENEA, D. 2008, 332, cat. no. 5). Besides these, there have been descovered in late civilian habitation contexts, some wheelmade lamps, also considered local products. In total, we have seventy- four lamps which were withdrawal from the province. 5 Such ceramic workshop was found in the vicinity of building I, dated to the first level of the roman settlement in the reign of Traian – Hadrian the beginning of Hadrian’s reign, also in the building number II and VIII, the last one is dated at the middle of the III rd century until the end. / 206 / Clay lamps from south- west of Roman Dacia Local production centers discovered during the excavations at TibiscumJupa or Tibiscum- Iaz (BENEA, D., 1990, cat. no. 12, 20, 22-24, 27, 31, 41 - 42, 46-47, 58-68, 71-73, 78, 80, 84, 88-91, 93-97, 99, 104-118, 120-134, REGEP-VLASICI, S. 2008, 344, no. cat . 3-4; REGEP VLASICI, S. 2007, cat. no. 161, 190; REGEP VLASICI, S. 2008, 344, cat. no. 3; ARDEŢ, A., ARDEŢ, L. C. 2004, 132-134, cat. no. 128). The lamp with the FESTI stamp seems to be a local product, based on the way of realization of the stamp (REGEP VLASICI, S. 2007, cat. no. 65). Unfortunately when these lamp was published, the features of the paste were not mentioned. Production of the lamps in Tibiscum is attested by three mould (BENEA, D., 1990, 167, cat. no. 135, fig. 21; BENEA, D., 1996, 59, pl. 1,1 REGEP VLASICI, S. 2007, cat. no. 198- 200), two of them for firmalampen lamps. The pieces were dated as follows: two of them in the first half of IInd century, and a piece who does not have a clear context of discovery it has been dated in the IInd- IIIrd centuries. Along with these moulds and the lamps found here, at Tibiscum there are documented three workshops with diversified production which could include also lamps (BENEA, D. 1985, 11- 19, BENEA, D., BONA, P. 1994, 93- 94). However, there are several features of this type of production at Tibiscum. Due to the economic situation of such a master and because of the conditions that he must fulfilled to open such a business, the potter’s workshops are usually quite large, with several ovens (ROMAN, C. A. 2006, 544- 553). In the south- west of Dacia, at Tibiscum and Mehadia we do not have this kind of oficina, instead we have a simple family workshop (ROMAN, C. A. 2006, 287; BENEA, D. 2008, 324), with a single oven and a installation for processing the clay (BENEA, D. 2008, 324). Therefore these have a limited production with a modest quality, that was spread across a relatively small area. So, in Tibiscum, especially after the roman withdrawal, this type of production, probably have a local character and represents the request coming from the market. The Roman fort and settlement from Pojejena is considered as being the second point on the local production map in south- west of Dacia province. Here, there were found a pattern of firmalampen lamp (ISAC, A., ROMAN, C. A. 2006, 81) and two whell- made lamps (BENEA, D. 1996, fig. 23/ 4; ISAC, A., ROMAN, C. A. 2006, 68), both showing a diversified production probably according to the desires and the economic situation of the buyer. What is most important, is the fact that a mould and a lamp were been discovered in the roman fort, the pattern being dated in the IInd and the IIIrd centuries and the lamp in the IIIrd-IVth centuries. This fact shows a continuity of the local production from the IInd until IVth century. The roman city Dierna, current day Orșova, distinguish himself by this kind of discoveries. Here was found only a clay lamp (BENEA, D. 1979, 221, cat. no. 3) which can be inserted in our catalog. This is wheel- made and it can be an indication of the existence here of an workshop for the manufacture of these objects (BENEA, D. 1979, 221) in the late roman time. At Mehadia – ancient Praetorium, the recent excavations have shown the continuity of Roman Empire domination in the IIIrd – IVth centuries, by a habitation of the hut type inside the roman fort, domestic ovens and one pottery workshops consisting of two ovens and an installation for processing the clay, dated during the Constantinian dynasty (BENEA, D., REGEP VLASICI, S., LALESCU, I., HURDUZEU, N., VOICA, D., MICLE, D. 2003, 193-193; REGEP VLASICI, S., STEFANESCU, A., CRÂNGUȘ, M. 2005, 157- 158). Inside the temple located near the military fortification, it was descovered a whell- made lamp which has an perpendicular applied handle to the width of the lamp. This kind of lamp were used for liquid fuel such oil and for solid fuel like tallow, and was dated as locally product from the IVth century (REGEP VLASICI, S. 2005, 1000-1001), even after Constantinian dynasty period (BENEA, D. 2008, 73-74, cat. no. 5). Besides this lamp there / 207 / Ana-Cristina Hamat is also a lamp with a VRSVA stamp (MACREA, M., GUDEA, N., MOŢU I. 1993, 84, cat. no. 1), which today is no longer preserved, but because of the stamp it could be a considered a local production lamp, possibly created in Praetorium’s workshops. Also it is possible that the lamp found in Baile Herculane could come from the workshop from here, because this town is just a few kilometers from Mehadia. In Gornea there have been descovered a number of six lamps, that it could be considered locally production. These are been found in the settlement from Căuniţa de Sus and in the late roman castellum from Căuniţa de Jos. In the roman settlement from Căuniţa de Sus we have a mould- made lamp without a stamp, but with an incised cross on the bottom (GUDEA, N. 1977, 30, cat. no. VI. 2, fig. 14/ 3) and two Dacian cups used for lighting (GUDEA, N. 1973, 582586, cat. no. 2- 3, fig. 14/ 7- 8; GUDEA, N. 1977, 30, cat. no. 2- 3, fig. 17/ 6- 7). At Căuniţa de Jos, inside the late roman fortifications there were discovered three lamps with late forms and a large opening hole (GUDEA, N. 1977, 79, cat. no. 1- 3, fig . 34/ 4, 5- 6). Therefore, the beginning of the local production in Roman Dacia, particularly in the south- west of this province, it is certainly in the second half of the IInd century, this dating is based on the discovery of the moulds. Nevertheless, it is possible that the clay lamps have been produced from the first half of the IInd century, as is demonstrated by one lamps from Tibiscum (BENEA, D. 1990, cat. no. 88), which dates from the reign of roman emperor Hadrian (BENEA, D. 1990, 141) and it is not a singular case. Several lamps been dated in the firs half of IInd century. This situation is in accordance with the rest of the province, were local lamps have been produce since the beginning of the IInd century at Ulpia Traiana (ALICU, D. 1994, 4144), and Porolissum (ISAC, A., ROMAN, C. A 2001, 368; ROMAN, C. A. 2006, 98; REGEP VLASICI, S. 2006, 178). Lamp production continues at Tibiscum, Mehadia and Pojejena until the IVth century, but the distribution it is only local. So we are dealing with small workshops handled by a family, as we mentioned earlier. The question remains, if these workshops were specialized in the production of lamps or this domain is only a part of the production of such workshop. It is our belief, that in the time of the province, in the pottery workshops from Tibiscum, lamps production occupies a very important place. These items are produced here in mould and at the wheel, the last technique was used from the IIIrd century here (ROMAN, C. A. 2000, 125) and served for a particular community. Typological characteristics, the finishing, the paste’s quality, emphasized for a local production. For our geographical area, the production of lamps is considered to be adjacent to ceramic workshops (ROMAN, C. A. 2006, 287), and just a small fraction, as those two cups used as lamp from Gornea, were produced by hand. Regarding the typology, Doina Benea had noticed in the ’90, in a study refered on the lamps found at Tibiscum- but which can be applied at least for the production in south-west of Roman Dacia (BENEA, D. 1990, 140), that the lamps fall into general typology accepted in the Empire, and that they being used at least until the IVth century and at the beginning of the next century. Starting with the first half of the IInd century (BENEA, D. 1990, 141), surely in the IIIrd century and throughout the IVth century, the lamps were produced in local ceramic workshops. The existence of moulds, the presence of pottery workshops and finished lamps in the same area (BENEA, D. 2007, 51; BENEA, D. 2008 a, 34), are three conditions that must be satisfied to be able to talk about a local production. We believe that if at least two of these are fulfilled, we can talk about the lamps local production. Thereby, Tibiscum fulfills all three conditions, Mehadia and Pojejena two of them and Dierna, Gornea and Băile Herculane only one. Therefore, based on archaeological evidence that have ocur thus far, we believe that at Dierna we can not talk about / 208 / Clay lamps from south- west of Roman Dacia Local production centers local production within the settlement. However it remains a possibility, but we must take into consideration that is a late roman settlement, and they have economic connections with the Empire. In Gornea we have the two dacian cups, therefore we believe that we can talk about local production, but there can be certain affirmed the existence of a workshop. Chronologically speaking, the production of lamps lasts throughout the province period of existence and it extends even after withdrawal of the roman administration, until the end of the IVth century (BENEA, D. 1985, 11- 19). The local production of lamps found in the civilians centers and the militaries ones, located along the Danube as Dierna and Gornea, or inside the territory like Tibiscum and Mehadia, has unitary features that proves their survival at least until at the end of IVth century. It is very important to mention that, at de beginning of IInd century the lamps production has started, prabably after 117 A.D. In the second half of this century, we observe that it grows, the period of maximum development it is actually the IIIrd century (se below table 3). It is our belief that the study of local lamps production provides an openness for a better understanding on the the provincial economic model. For this reason we selected from the bibliography, only the pieces that are likely to be locally produced. Therefore, we have gradually eliminated glazed lamps, considered by the specialists imports from Pannonia (Gudea N. 2008), and other lamps from Gornea or Dierna, who did not presented credibility or specific features, according to geographical area and chronologies (BENEA, D. 1979, 220, cat. no. 2; GUDEA, N. 1977, 30 and. 79, cat. no. VI. 1, 2, 4, 5 and X. 4- 8). So, we have left only 85 lamps and 4 moulds, that we have presented with all the information given to us by bibliography (see the below table 1 and 2). Abstract This study aims to bring up the local production from south- weste of Roman Dacia , primarily reflected in the discoveries of moulds and secondly by the pieces founded in this area and considered by the experts to be local products. Totally, we bring into the question about 89 pieces from which 85 clay lamps- among them 16 are only suspected to be local products, and four moulds. Their place of discovery is Tibiscum, Dierna, Băile Herculane, Praetorium, Pojejena and Gornea, located in Caraș Severin and Mehedinţ counties, nowadays Roumania. Fiftynine of these are made in mould, twenty-four at the wheel and two of them are hand- made. Among these we have imitation after FORTIS, MURRI, FESTI, OCTAVI and URSUS together with local craftsmen names like AURELIUS and CAI, and of course lamps without a stamp. The paste from which are made these lamps is locally, with a high content of sand and small pieces of mica. Workshops for this type of production are at Tibiscum, Mehadia and Gornea. / 209 / Ana-Cristina Hamat BENEA, D. 2004a, Ceramica glazurată de la Tibiscum. - Apulum 42, 203-217. BIBLIOGRAPHY ALICU, D. 1977, Tonlampen – Typen aus Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa. - StComCar 2, 331-320. ALICU, D. 1994, Opaiţele Romane. Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa. - Bucharest. ALICU, D., E. NEMEȘ 1977, Roman Lamps from Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa (BAR Supplementary Series 18). - Oxford. ARDEŢ, A., ARDEŢ, L. C. 2004, Tibiscum. Așezările romane. – Cluj-Napoca. BĂLUŢĂ, C. I. 1961, Opaiţele romane de la Apulum (I). - Apulum 4, 189-220. BĂLUŢĂ, C. I. 1965, Opaiţele romane de la Apulum (II). - Apulum 5, 277-295. BĂLUŢĂ, C. I. 1986, ”Firmalampen” sur le limes danubien de la Dacie- pénétration et diffusion. - Studien zu den Militärgrenzen Roms 3, 441-446. BĂLUŢĂ, C. I. 2003, Lămpile antice de la Alba Iulia (Apulum) (I). Lămpile epigrafice. - Alba Iulia. BENEA, D. 1979, Opaiţe romano- bizantine în colecţia Muzeului Banatului. - Sargeţia XIV, 219-224. BENEA, D. 1982, Atelierele ceramice de la Tibiscum (Contribuţii la istoria atelierelor de ceramică din sud- vestul Daciei). - Potaissa 3, 22- 41. BENEA, D. 1990, Lampes romaines de Tibiscum. - Dacia NS 34, 139-168. BENEA, D. 1996, Lampenproduktion in Tibiscum. - Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautores Acta 33, 59-62. BENEA, D. 2004b, Die römischen Perlenwerkstätten aus Tibiscum. Atelierele de sticlă de la Tibiscum. - Timișoara. BENEA, D. 2006, Örtliche Lampenwerstätten in der Römischen Provinz Dakien. - Dacia NS 50, 337-360. BENEA, D. 2007, Consideraţii privind cercetările arheologice referitoare la meșteșugurile din provincia Dacia. - Bibliotheca Historica et Archaeologica Universitatis Timisiensis VIII, 3566. BENEA, D. 2008a, Anonyme Herstellung von Lampen in der römischen Provinz Dakien. Lychnological Acts 2, 33-40. BENEA, D. 2008b, Edificiul de cult roman de la Praetorium (Mehadia). - Timișoara. BENEA, D. 2008c, Ateliere locale de opaiţe în provincia Dacia. - Bibliotheca Historica et Archaeologica Universitatis Timisiensis IX, 301340. BENEA, D. 2012, Die lokale Lampenproduktion in Dakien zwischen Kunst und Imitation. Lychnological Acts 3, 25-36. BENEA, D., Bucharest. BONA, P. 1994, Tibiscum. - BENEA, D., REGEP VLASICI, S.LALESCU, I. HURDUZEU, N., VOICA, D. MICLE, D. 2003, Mehadia. - Cronica Cercetărilor Arheologice 2003, 193-193. CHIRILĂ, E., GUDEA, N., MATEI, A. LUCĂCEL, V. 1973, O locuinţă rustică din epoca romană la Gornea. - ActaMN 10, 569-593. / 210 / Clay lamps from south- west of Roman Dacia Local production centers GOSTAR, N. 1961, Inscripţiile de pe lucernele din Dacia Romană. - Arheologia Moldovei 1, 149-209. MOGA, V. 1979, Moules romains découvertes a Apulum. - Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautores Acta 19/ 20, 182-192. GUDEA, N. 1977, Gorena. Așezării din epoca romană și romană târzie. - Reșiţa. REGEP VLASICI, S. 2005, Consideraţii asupra importului de opaiţe cu ștampilă din Pannonia. - In: Studia Historica et Archaeologica In Honorem Magistrae Doina Benea, 385-393, Timișoara. GUDEA, N. 2008, „Pannonische” glasierte Keramik. II. Über die spätrömischen (4. Jahrhundert) glasierten Lampen von der Mittleren und Unteren Donau. - Lychnological Acts 2, 97-116. GUDEA, N., UZUM, I. 1973, Castrul roman de la Pojejena. - Banatica 2, 85-96. ICONOMU C., 1967, Opaiţe greco – romane. - Constanţa. ISAC, D., ROMAN, C.A. 2001, Lucernele din castrul de la Gilău. - Studia Archaeologica et Historica Nicolao Gudea dicata, Bibliotheca Musei Porolossensis, ActaMP 5, 369-397. ISAC, A., ROMAN, C. A. 2006, Lychnus et Lampas. Trade and Local Production of Lamps from Prehistory to middle Age, Exhibition Catalogue. - Cluj-Napoca. IVANYI, D. 1935, Die pannonischen Lampen. Eine Typologisch- Chronologische Übersicht. (DissPann, ser. II, 2). Budapest. LOESCHCKE, S. 1919, Lampen aus Vindonissa. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte von Vindonissa und das antiken Beleuchtungswesens. - Zürich. MACREA, M., GUDEA, N., MOŢU, I. 1993, Praetorium. Castrul și așezarea romană de la Mehadia. - Bucharest. REGEP VLASICI, S. 2006, Opaiţe cu cioc triunghiular și volute în Dacia Romană. Bibliotheca Historica et Archaeologica Universitatis Timisiensis VIII, 176-183. REGEP VLASICI, S. 2007a, Noi descoperiri de opaiţe de tipul Firmalampen la Tibiscum. Consideraţii asupra relaţiilor interprovinciale. Drobeta XVII, 146-170. REGEP VLASICI, S. 2007b, Opaiţele romane de la Tibiscum (Teză de doctorat., Manuscris, BCUT). - Timișoara. REGEP VLASICI, S. 2008, Opaiţele de seu din Dacia Romană. Producţie locală. - Bibliotheca Historica et Archaeologica Universitatis Timisiensis IX, 341-352. REGEP VLASIC, S., STEFANESCU, A. CRÂNGUȘ, M. 2005, Atelierul ceramic din castrul de la Praetorium. Contribuţii arheologice. - Apulum 42, 157-162. ROMAN, C. A. 2000, Wheelmade Lamps of Roman Dacia. - ActaMN 37/1, 99-140. ROMAN, C. A. 2006a, Atelierele producătoare de opaiţe din Dacia. Elemente de identificare. In: Fontes Historiae. Studia in honorem Demetrii Protase, 545-553, Cluj-Napoca. TOPOLEANU, F. 2012, Lămpile antice din colecţiile Muzeului Judeţean de Istorie și Arheologie Prahova- Ploiești. - Ploiești. / 211 / Ana-Cristina Hamat Plate I - THE MAP OF ROMAN DACIA after Roman C. A. 2006, pl. 1. NO. TYPE CERAMIC GROUP PLACE OF DISCOVERY CHRONOLOGY STORED FRAGMENT REFERENCES Benea D. 1996, 59, pl. 1,1; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 199. TIBISCUM, FIRST HALF OF LOWER PART OF BUILDING XII. II THE MOULD 1 T6 IIIC2 2 M7 IIIC2 TIBISCUM III Bene D. 1990, 167, cat. no. 135, fig. 21; LOWER PART OF Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 198. THE MOULD 3 ? IIB TIBISCUM, ROMAN THERMAE II LOWER PART OF THE MOULD Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 200. Isac A., Roman C. A. 2006, 81. nd 4 M IIIB? POJEJENA rd 2 - 3 centurie AD. LOWER PART OF THE MOULD 6 Trilychnis. 7 Monolychnis Table 1. Moulds From South - West Of Roman Dacia / 212 / Clay lamps from south- west of Roman Dacia Local production centers Table 2. Local production of lamps in south-west of roman dacia NO. TYPE EXECUTION CERAMIC TECHNIQUE GROUP PLACE OF DISCOVERY CHRONOLOGY STAMP reign of Antoninus Pius - Benea, D. 1990, cat. no. 12; fig. 2, 12; Benea D. 2004, 253, cat. no.1; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 14. IInd- III rdcenturies - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 20; fig. 13; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 29. II - first half of III century - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 22; fig. 13,22. nd rd II - first half of III century - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 23; fig.13, 23; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 33. nd II century - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 24, fig.13. 24; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 32. IInd century - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 27, fig. 13. 27; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 35. the beginning of IInd century - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 31, fig. 4. 31; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 41. nd II century AVR.F TIBISCUM 1 B 8 1 M 9 IA 2 M 2 M IB BULDING I 3 M 2 M IB TIBISCUM TIBISCUM TIBISCUM 4 M 2 M IIIC1 BULDING X nd TIBISCUM. 5 B 2 M IIIB BULDING II TIBISCUM. 6 T 3 M IB BULDING VIII TIBISCUM 7 P10 4 M IIIC1 PRINCIPIA OF ROMAN FORT TIBISCUM. 8 M 5 M IB BULDING X rd REFERENCES Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 41, fig. 5, 14; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 54. 9 M 5 M IIIB TIBISCUM. BULDING X second half of IInd – first half of IIIrd century CAI 10 M 5 M IIB TIBISCUM. nd II century CASSI Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 46, fig.14. 46; Regep Vlasici 2007, cat. no. 60. 11 M 5 M IIIC1 reign of Antoninus Pius CASSI Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 47, fig.14. 47; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 58. IInd century FORTIS Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 58, fig. 15.58; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 83. IInd– III rd centuries FORTIS Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 59, fig.15. 59; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 84. IInd–IIIrdcenturies FORTIS Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 60, fig. 7. 60; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 87. IInd–IIIrdcenturies FORTIS Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 61, fig. 7. 61; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 86. nd rd II – first half of III century FOR/ TIS Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 62, fig. 7. 62; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 85. II century FORTIS Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 63, fig. 7. 63; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 79. IInd century FORTIS Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 64, fig. 7. 64; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 81. IInd–IIIrdcenturies FORTIS Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 65, fig. 7. 65; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 80. nd rd II –III centuries FORTIS Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 66, fig. 7. 66; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 82. II – first half of III century FORTIS Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 67; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 88. IInd–IIIrdcenturies FORTIS Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 68. TIBISCUM. BULDING VII TIBISCUM. 12 M 5 M IIB BULDING X 13 M 5 M IIB 14 M 5 M IIIC1 TIBISCUM TIBISCUM. BULDING X TIBISCUM. 15 M 5 M IIIC1 BULDING X TIBISCUM. 16 M 5 M IIIB BULDING X TIBISCUM. 17 M 5 M nd IIIC1 BULDING X TIBISCUM. 18 M 5 M IIIB BULDING X TIBISCUM. 19 M 5 M IIIC1 BULDING X TIBISCUM. 20 M 5 M IIIC1 BULDING X TIBISCUM. 21 M 5 M IB BULDING X 22 M 5 M IB TIBISCUM. BULDING X nd rd / 213 / Benea D. 1990, nr. 42, fig. 14. 42 Ana-Cristina Hamat TIBISCUM. 23 M 5 M IIIC1 BULDING X IInd century TIBISCUM. 24 M 5 M IB ROMAN FORT 25 M 5 M IB 26 M 5 M IIIA 27 M 5 M IIIA TIBISCUM ROMAN FORT TIBISCUM nd II century 28 M 5 M IIIB 29 M 5 M - 30 M 5 M IIIC1 TIBISCUM TIBISCUM IA TIBISCUM 31 M 5 M IIIC1 ROMAN FORT, BUILDING II 32 M 5 M IIIC1 TIBISCUM FORTIS Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 72, fig.16. 72; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 91. Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 73, fig.11. 73; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 92. nd MUR R I Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 78, fig. 16. 78; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 105. first half of II century nd OCTAVI Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 80, fig.16. 80; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 108. IInd–IIIrdcenturies URSIO/ F Benea, 1990, cat. no. 84, fig. 17. 84; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 114. end of IInd century FESTI rd first half of II century TIBISCUM. BULDING X Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 71, fig. 11.71; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 89. FORTIS nd II –III centuries TIBISCUM. BULDING I FORTIS - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 88, fig. 9. 88; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 133. rd - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 89, fig. 9. 89; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 135. rd - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 90, fig.17. 90. - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 91, fig.17. 91; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 125. nd first half of II century nd II –III centuries nd Arde A., Arde L. C. 2004, 132, cat. no. 128; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 65. II –III centuries nd 33 M 5 M IIIC1 TIBISCUM II century 34 M 5 M IB TIBISCUM BUILDING I II –III centuries nd rd - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 93; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 134. nd rd - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 94, fig. 17.94; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 132. 35 M 5 M IIIC2 TIBISCUM II –III centuries 36 M 5 M IB TIBISCUM II century - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 95, fig.17. 95; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 126. 37 M 5 M IB TIBISCUM IInd–IIIrdcenturies - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 96, fig.18. 96; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 127. 38 M 5 M IB - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 97, fig.18. 97; Benea D. 2004, 255,cat no.10,fig.41.2; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 137. II – III century rd - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 99, fig. 18. 99; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 129. end of II century nd - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 104; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 140. IInd–IIIrdcenturies - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 105, fig.18. 105; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 141. - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 106, fig. 18. 106; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 142. - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 107, fig. 18. 107; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 143. nd - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 108, fig. 18. 108; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 144. II century nd - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 109, fig. 10. 109; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 145. IInd century - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 110; Benea D. 2004, 254-255, cat. no. 9, fig.11/1-5; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 130. first half of III century - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 111, fig. 19. 111; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 146. the beginning of IInd century - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 112, fig. 10. 112; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 147. IIIrd century - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 113, fig. 19. 113; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 148. TIBISCUM BUILDING I TIBISCUM 39 M 5 M IIIB BUILDING X 40 M 5 M IIIC1 41 M 5 M IIIC1 TIBISCUM BUILDING X TIBISCUM BUILDING X nd nd nd TIBISCUM 42 M 5 M IIIC1 BUILDING X TIBISCUM 43 M 5 M IIIC1 BUILDING X 44 M 5 M IIIC1 45 M 5 M IIIC1 46 M 5 M IIID TIBISCUM BUILDING X TIBISCUM BUILDING X TIBISCUM BUILDING I 47 M 5 M IIID 48 M 5 M IB 49 M 5 M IIIB TIBISCUM BUILDING II TIBISCUM ROMAN FORT TIBISCUM rd second half of II – first half of III century nd II century nd rd II –III centuries II century rd / 214 / Clay lamps from south- west of Roman Dacia Local production centers 50 M 5 M IB TIBISCUM IInd–IIIrdcenturies nd rd - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 114; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 149. 51 M 5 M IIIC2 TIBISCUM II –III centuries - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 115; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 150. 52 M 5 M IIIB TIBISCUM ROMAN FORT IInd–IIIrdcenturies - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 116; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 120. 53 M 5 M IIIC2 second half of IIIrd century - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 117, fig. 19. 117; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 151. IIIrd century - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 118, fig. 19. 118; Benea D. 2004, 255, cat. no. 11, fig.42/2; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no.178. TIBISCUM BUILDING VIII TIBISCUM 54 M 5 M IIIC2 55 M 5 M IIIC2 TIBISCUM BUILDING XII nd II century 56 M 5 M III A GORNEA. C UNI A DE SUS rd th III -IV centuries 57 B 6 M IIIB TIBISCUM BUILDING X IInd–IIIrdcenturies 58 M 7 TIBISCUM second half of III century – first half of th IV century 11 IIID rd - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 122, fig. 11. 122; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 192. Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 123; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 193. II century - Regep Vlasici S. 2008, 344 cat. no. 3 IInd century - Regep Vlasici S. 2008, 344 cat. no. 4 Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 124, fig. 19. 124; Ro an C. A. 2000, nr. cat. 1; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 180. Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 125, fig. 19. 125. Benea D. 1996, 133- 134, fig. 23/5; Ro an C. A. 2000, cat. no. 24; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 181. TIBISCUM BUILDING III M 7 62 M 7 Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 121, fig. 19. 121; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 191. - TIBISCUM BUILDING III 61 - rd IIB IIID IIID Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 120, fig. 10. 120. rd IIB 7 7 - nd II –III centuries M M Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. cat 161. on the botto it has Gudea N. 1977, 30, cat. no. 2, fig. 14/3 a cross incised nd TIBISCUM PRINCIPIA OF ROMAN FORT TIBISCUM 59 60 M BUILDING I II –III centuries nd rd 63 M 8 IIIC2 TIBISCUM III century - 64 B 8 IIIC2 TIBISCUM rd th III -IV centuries - - 65 B 9 IIB B ILE HERCULANE - 66 M 9 IIID TIBISCUM III -IV centuries 67 M 9 IIID TIBISCUM 68 M 9 IIID 69 M 9 IIID 70 M 9 IIID rd th - III -IV centuries rd th - TIBISCUM rd th III -IV centuries - TIBISCUM IVth century - IIIrd-IVthcenturies - - TIBISCUM PRINCIPIA OF ROMAN FORT Ro an C. A. 2000, cat. no. 43 Benea, 1990, cat. no. 126, fig. 20. 126; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 182. Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 127; Ro an C. A. 2000, nr. cat. 72; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 183. Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 128, fig. 20. 128; Ro an C. A. 2000, cat. no. 74. ; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 188. Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 129, fig. 20. 129; Ro an C. A. 2000, cat. no. 75; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 185. Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 130, fig. 11. 130; Ro an C. A. 2000, cat. no. 73; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 186. Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 131, fig. 20. 131; Ro an C. A. 2000, cat. no. 70; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 187. Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 132, fig. 20. 132; Ro an C. A. 2000, cat. no. 77; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 188. 71 B 9 IIID TIBISCUM rd second half of III century – first half of IVth century 72 T 9 IIID TIBISCUM III -IV centuries - 73 M 9 IIID IIIrd-IVthcenturies - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 133, fig. 11. 133; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 189. - Benea D. 1996, fig. 22/1; TIBISCUM PRINCIPIA OF ROMAN FORT TIBISCUM TIBISCUM ROMAN FORT S1/ 2002 PO E ENA PO E ENA ROMAN FORT rd th rd th 74 M 9 IIID 75 T 9 IIID 76 M 9 - 77 M 9 IIIB 78 M 9 IIA DIERNA IV century 79 M 9 IIB MEHADIA, TEMPLE 80 T 9 IIIA 81 M 9 82 M 9 83 M 10 85 M M 11 11 1 H - Regep Vlasici 2007, cat. no. 190 rd th III -IV centuries - Benea D. 1996, fig. 23/ 4 IIIrd-IVthcenturies - Isac A., Ro an C. A. 2006, 68. - Benea D. 1979, 221, cat. no.. 3, pl. I/ 3; Ro an C. A. 2000, cat. no. 77. IV century th - Regep Vlasici 2005, 1001; Benea D. 2008 b, 73, pl. 35/2. GORNEA . C UNI A DE OS. CASTELLUM IIIrd-IVthcenturies - Gudea N. 1977,79, cat.no. X.2, fig.20/10; Ro an C. A. 2000, cat. no. 37. IIIA GORNEA . C UNI A DE OS. CASTELLUM IIIrd-IVthcenturies - Gudea N. 1977, 79,cat.no. X.1, fig.20/11; Ro an C. A. 2000, cat. no. 47. IIB GORNEA . C UNI A DE OS. CASTELLUM III -IV centuries - Gudea N. 1977, 79, cat. no. X. 3, fig. 34/ 6; Ro an 2000, nr. cat. 55. IVth century - Benea D. 1990, cat. no. 134, fig. 20. 134; Regep Vlasici S. 2007, cat. no. 179. - Gudea N. 1977, 30, cat. no. V. 2, fig. 14/7 IIIC2 BUILDING VIII 84 rd III century th TIBISCUM M III -IV centuries IIID IIID GORNEA . C UNI A DE SUS. GORNEA . C UNI A DE SUS. rd nd th th II - IV centuries IInd-IVthcenturies / 215 / on the botto it has Gudea N. 1977, 30, cat. no. V. 3, fig. 14/8 a cross incised Ana-Cristina Hamat Tab 3. Chronology of the ceramic groups from south-west of roman dacia CERAMIC GR TYPE IA 1 IB IIA IIIA FIRST HALF SECOND HALF ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ 8 ------------------------------ ------------------------------ 9 ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ 3 ------------------------------ ------------------------------ 5 ------------------------------ ------------------------------ 9 ------------------------------ 7 5 ------------------------------ ---------------------------- 9 5 ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ 6 ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ 9 2 IIIC1 IIIC2 SECOND HALF ------------------------------ ------------------------------ 2 IIIB IIIrd CENTURY FIRST HALF 4 ------------------------------ 5 ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ 5 ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ 8 IIID ------------------------------ 9 11 ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------- 10 7 IVth CENTURY FIRST SECOND HALF HALF ------------------------------ 2 5 IIB IInd CENTURY ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ----------------------------- / 216 / ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Clay lamps from south- west of Roman Dacia Local production centers PLATE II- LAMPS FROM SOUTH- WEST OF ROMAN DACIA: 1. Tibiscum after Benea, D. 1990, fig. 2. 12; 2. Tibiscum after Benea D. 1990, fig. 13. 20; 3. Tibiscum after Benea D. 1990, fig. 13. 22; 4. Tibiscum after Benea D. 1990, fig. 13. 23; 5. Tibiscum after Benea D. 1990, fig. 13. 24; 6. Tibiscum after Benea D. 1990, fig. 13. 27; 7. Tibiscum after Benea D. 1990, fig. 4. 31; 8. Tibiscum after Benea D. 1990, fig. 5.41; 9. Tibiscum after Benea D. 1990, fig. 14. 42; 10. Gornea after Gudea N. 1977, 30, fig. 14/ 3; 11. Tibiscum after Benea D. 1990, fig. 16. 78; / 217 / Ana-Cristina Hamat PLATE III- LAMPS FROM SOUTH- WEST OF ROMAN DACIA: 12. Tibiscum after Benea D. 1990, fig. 16. 80; 13. Tibiscum after Benea D. 1990, fig. 17. 84; 14. Tibiscum after Benea D. 1990, fig. 9. 88; 15. Tibiscum after Benea D. 1990, fig. 9. 89; 16. Tibiscum after Benea D. 1990, fig. 17. 90; 17. Tibiscum after Benea D. 1990, fig. 19. 117; 18. Tibiscum after Benea D. 1990, fig. 19. 118; 19. Tibiscum after Benea D. 1990, fig. 19. 121; 20. Tibiscum after Regep Vlascici S. 2008, 344 cat. no. 3; 21. Tibiscum after Regep Vlascici S. 2008, 344 cat. no. 4; / 218 / Clay lamps from south- west of Roman Dacia Local production centers PLATE IV- LAMPS FROM SOUTH- WEST OF ROMAN DACIA: 22. Tibiscum after Benea D. 1990, fig. 19. 124; 23. Tibiscum after Benea D. 1990, fig. 19. 125; 24. Tibiscum after Benea D. 1990, fig. 20. 128; 25. Tibiscum after Benea D. 1990, fig. 20. 131; 26 Tibiscum after Benea D. 1990, fig. 20. 132; 27. Tibiscum after Benea D. 1990, fig. 20. 134; / 219 / Ana-Cristina Hamat PLATE V- LAMPS FROM SOUTH- WEST OF ROMAN DACIA: 28. Pojejena after Benea D. 1996, fig 23/4; 29. Pojejena after Isac A., Roman C. A. 2006, 68; 30. Mehadia after Benea D. 2008 b, 73, pl. 35/2; 31. Gornea after Gudea N. 1977, fig. 34/ 5; 32. Gornea after Gudea N. 1977, fig. 34/ 4; 33. Gornea after Gudea N. 1977, fig. 34/ 6; 34. Gornea after Gudea N. 1977, fig. 14/ 7; 35. Gornea after Gudea N. 1977, fig. 14/ 8; 36. Tibiscum after Benea D. 1990, 167, fig. 21. / 220 /