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In this preliminary paper in Turkish metal finds from Hadrianoupolis, a site in southwestern Paphlagonia, modern Eskipazar in the Province Karabük (north-central Turkey) are presented. Most of the materials are bronze and from the Early Byzantine period (6th-7th cent. A.D.). Iron nails with different shapes and sizes have been excavated from Hadrianoupolis in southwestern Paphlagonia located 3 km west of the modern town of Eskipazar, near Karabük. This study examined the possible microstructural formations of iron based nails produced during Roman Period. Some chemical compositions of eight such nails reflecting different microstructures are measured. It was determined that they were made of low carbon iron generally containing a number of non-metallic inclusions, with hints of surface carburization and widmanstatten structures. These results reveal that the nails are produced by an iron technology based primarily on the bloomery technique completed by smith process based on hammering. Various microstructures are observed according to the production processes of the nail.
2017 •
Kinet Höyük (ancient Issos), located in Cilicia on a narrow corridor between the seacoast of the East Mediter-ranean and the Amanus mountains (Nur Dağları), is an archaeological site with 29 excavated occupational levels, starting from the Early Bronze Age. The successive settlements at Kinet Höyük faced many military campaigns and changed hands frequently because of its strategic position with access to shipping routes, and the availability of rich mining and forestry resources. However, iron smithing was one of the activities that changed least during the transformations occurring in the region, according to iron-related finds from different occupational levels at the site. In this paper, iron objects and smithing slags from the Iron Age period at Kinet are introduced from their metallurgical perspective. The results of metallogra-phy and SEM-EDX analysis of Iron Age steel objects are discussed in light of previous studies on iron metallurgy of the neighboring regions. Additionally, slags which are dated to the site's Neo-Assyrian phase are evaluated by petrography, ICP-MS and XRD analysis. Although all of the iron objects are fully corroded, remnant metal observations point to a variety of microstructural phases. The majority belong to medium-and high-carbon steel structures that were affected by heat treatments, i.e. normalizing , and annealing. Plentiful hammerscale were detected in thin sections of smithing slags. Basalt attachments to slags are considered to reflect the presence of basalt in the smithing hearths and other pyrotechnical settings.
METALLA 23.2, 51-66
GÜDER, Ü., GATES, M.-H. & YALCIN, Ü.: "Early Iron from Kinet Höyük, Turkey: Analysis of Objects. An Evidence for Smithing.2017 •
2008 •
The development of metallurgy of tin Bronze in the Luristan region during the prehistoric period has been a subject of interest for archaeologists and scientists. Tin Bronze was firstly used at the early Bronze Age (begin-ning of the third millennium BC) in western Iran and was widespread during the Iron Age (end of second millennium and first half of the first millennium BC) at the Luristan region , well-known as the Luristan Bronzes. Nevertheless, there are only some scientific and analytical studies about the metallurgy of tin Bronze in Luristan during the Iron Age, despite of large number of Bronze objects discovered from looting as well as archaeological excavations. In this paper, a comparative and statistical study is undertaken on the available analytical results of some Bronze objects from Luristan. These are including the un-provenanced collections in museums as well as objects excavated from some Iron Age sites such as War Kabud, Bard-i Bal, Sangtarashan, Baba Jilan and so on. The results show that the majority of Luristan Bronzes are made of the variable tin-containing binary Bronze alloy, although arsenic and lead have important role in the composition of some objects. Based on the chemical compsoiton of objects, it is worth noting that there is no correlation between objects’ typology and alloy composition in the Luristan Bronzes. The probable methods applied to produce tin Bronze may be an uncontrolled alloying operation such as cementation, co-smelting or using Cu-Sn complex ores directly
Frontiers in Materials
Investigation on Metal Adornments From Ancient Eastern Europe2020 •
This study focuses on the investigation of certain bronze adornment objects from the First Iron Age (the so-called middle Hallstatt period), dating to the ninth–eighth c. BC. These objects are part of a bronze and iron hoard (labeled Cx 116) discovered in the present Romanian territory, at Tărtăria–Podu Tărtăriei vest archaeological site, in Alba County. Along with a second hoard of bronze and iron objects, this represents a unique discovery for the present Romanian territory, namely, for the inner Carpathian area and the Lower and Middle Danube Basin, where no such votive discovery had been made by archaeological excavations. The objects, approximately 450 bronze and iron objects—weapons, tools, adornments, and harnesses—were found in the two hoards, in the Southern ditch, which outlines the archaeological site. Digital radiography has been used to assess the physical state of the objects and to identify potential specific craftsmanship details. It showed a fairly good preservation...
Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Sanat Tarihi Dergisi
İZMİR ARKEOLOJİ MÜZESİ ENVANTERİNE KAYITLI BİR GRUP BRONZ ESER* A GROUP OF BRONZE WORKS IN İZMİR ARCHEOLOGY MUSEUM INVENTORY2020 •
Öz Makale kapsamında İzmir Arkeoloji Müzesi envanterine kayıtlı on beş bronz eser incelenmiştir. Çalışılan eserler aydınlatma araçları ve buhurdanlar olmak üzere iki farklı grup altında değerlendirilmiştir. Müzede bulunan aydınlatma araçları; kandiller, kandilin üzerine oturduğu kandelabrum gövdesi, yağ haznesi parçaları ve polykandilion askısı olmak üzere sınıflandırılmıştır. Bizans dönemine tarihlenen bronz kandiller; evlerin, resmi binaların ve kiliselerin aydınlatılmasında kullanılmıştır. Bizans İmparatorluğu dönemine tarihlenen bronz buhurdanlar, kısaca ayin esnasında kokulu bitkilerin ve ağaç kabukların yakıldığı kaplardır. Bizans döneminde buhurdanlar, farklı törenler ve ayinlerde kullanılmıştır. Bizans toplumunun günlük yaşamında yer alan geleneksel objesi konumundadır. Bir örnek dışında buluntu yerleri bilinmeyen, müzeye satın alma ve müsadere yoluyla kazandırılan bu eserlerin tarihlendirme önerileri de çok yakın benzerleri üzerinden yapılmıştır. Arkeolojik alanların Bizans tabakalarında olduğu kadar, müzeler ve özel koleksiyonlarda sıklıkla yer alan objeler Bizans günlük ve dini yaşamına ilişkin somut belgeler olarak Bizans yaşam kültürü ve alışkanlıklarını algılamayı kolaylaştırmaktadır. Makale içinde ayrıntılı olarak ele alınan bu eserler makale sonunda katalog bilgileri ile tanıtılmaktadır. Abstract Within the scope of the article, fifteen bronze objects which are registered in İzmir Archeology Museum inventory were examined. The studied objects were evaluated under two different groups as lighting tools and incense burners. Lighting tools in the museum; classified as oil lamps, candelabrum body, oil reservoir parts and polycandelon hanger.
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