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If you have queries about this please contact the editorial department at Oxbow Books (editorial@oxbowbooks.com). ii An offprint from CELTIC ART IN EUROPE making connections Essays in honour of Vincent Megaw on his 80th birthday Edited by Christopher Gosden, Sally Crawford and Katharina Ulmschneider Hardcover Edition: ISBN 978-1-78297-655-4 Digital Edition: ISBN 978-1-78297-656-1 © Oxbow Books 2014 Oxford & Philadelphia www.oxbowbooks.com Published in the United Kingdom in 2014 by OXBOW BOOKS 10 Hythe Bridge Street, Oxford OX1 2EW and in the United States by OXBOW BOOKS 908 Darby Road, Havertown, PA 19083 © Oxbow Books and the individual authors 2014 Hardcover Edition: ISBN 978-1-78297-655-4 Digital Edition: ISBN 978-1-78297-656-1 A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Celtic art in Europe : making connections : essays in honour of Vincent Megaw on his 80th birthday / edited by Christopher Gosden, Sally Crawford and Katharina Ulmschneider. pages cm Contributions in English, French, and German. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-78297-655-4 1. Art, Celtic. I. Gosden, Chris, 1955- editor. II. Crawford, Sally (Sally Elizabeth Ellen) editor. III. Ulmschneider, Katharina, editor. IV. Megaw, J. V. S., honouree. N5925.C45 2014 704.03’916--dc23 2014021184 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the publisher in writing. Printed in the United Kingdom by Berforts Information Press Ltd, Eynsham, Oxfordshire For a complete list of Oxbow titles, please contact: UNITED KINGDOM Oxbow Books Telephone (01865) 241249, Fax (01865) 794449 Email: oxbow@oxbowbooks.com www.oxbowbooks.com UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Oxbow Books Telephone (800) 791-9354, Fax (610) 853-9146 Email: queries@casemateacademic.com www.casemateacademic.com/oxbow Oxbow Books is part of the Casemate Group Front cover: Oval-style massive armlet, Auchenbadie, Banffshire. © National Museums Scotland. Back cover: The statue from Glauberg, Hesse. Photograph courtesy of hessenARCHÄOLOGIE; Photo U. Seitz-Gray. CONTENTS Contributors ix 1. Introduction to Celtic Art in Europe: making connections Chris Gosden, Sally Crawford and Katharina Ulmschneider 1 2. Once again, Herodotus, the Κελτοί, the source of the Danube, and the Pillars of Hercules John T. Koch 6 3. The Shefield origins of Celtic Art John Collis 19 4. Theorie der keltischen Kunst. Ein Versuch Felix Müller 28 5. Les codes de représentation visuelle dans l’art celtique ancien Laurent Olivier 39 6. Hidden faces and animal images on Late Iron Age and Early Roman horse harness decorated using the champlevé technique Jennifer Foster 7. The human masks of unknown provenience Mitja Guštin 8. Heads, masks and shifting identities: a note about some Danubian kantharoi with anthropomorphic decoration Mariana Egri 9. Off with their heads…! once again: images of daggers and severed heads on an Iberian falcata sword Fernando Quesada Sanz 10. A Celtic severed head, or Lazarus in the arms of Abraham? Natalie Venclová and Jan Royt 56 68 73 86 96 Contents v 11. Zur Attachenzier der Schnabelkannen von Basse-Yutz Otto-Herman Frey 101 12. The not so ugly duckling – an essay on meaning Flemming Kaul 105 13. Fragments of a carnyx from Leisach (Austria) Paul Gleirscher 113 14. Between ruling ideology and ancestor worship: the mos maiorum of the Early Celtic ‘Hero Graves’ Thomas Stöllner 119 15. Alfred and Alexander John Boardman 137 16. La ibule de Moscano di Fabriano: un jalon important de l’évolution de l’art celtique au IVe siècle avant J.-C Luana et Venceslas Kruta 140 17. Zum Wenden: der Halsring aus Gehweiler-Oberlöstern im Saarland Rudolf Echt 148 18. Late Hallstatt and Early La Tène gold and silver beads in southeast Pannonia Hrvoje Potrebica and Marko Dizdar 152 19. East meets West... The stamped pottery from the La Tène cemetery at Fântânele-Dealul Popii (Transylvania, Romania) Aurel Rustoiu 159 20. A vessel with stamped decoration from the Želiezovce collection Gertrúda Březinová 173 21. Balkan Kantharoi Petar Popović 177 22. La Tène and Przeworsk strap shield bosses from Poland Tomasz Bochnak 183 23. De l’anneau en bronze à têtes de béliers de Chermignac (Charente-Maritime) et de quelques pièces de harnais. La Tène inale de Gaule de l’Ouest José Gomez de Soto 196 24. A mould for Celtic-type rings from Sanzeno in the Valle di Non, Trentino Franco Marzatico 206 25. ‘Leopold Bloom I’ and the Hungarian Sword Style Paul Jacobsthal, with introduction by Katharina Ulmschneider and Sally Crawford 213 26. The Celtic mercenary reconsidered Jan Bouzek 223 27. The Dragon from Oberleiserberg Maciej Karwowski 234 vi Contents 28. A l’aube du IIIe s. av. J.-C.: les fourreaux d’épée à décor estampé sur fer Thierry Lejars 239 29. ‘…to boldly go where no man has gone before.’ Dedicated to Ruth and Vincent… Boris Kavur and Martina Blečić Kavur 264 30. Art and Craftsmanship in elite-warrior graves: ‘from Boii to Parisii and back again…’ Nathalie C. Ginoux and Peter C. Ramsl 274 31. Ascot hats: an Iron Age leaf crown helmet from Fiskerton, Lincolnshire? Andrew Fitzpatrick and Martin Schönfelder 286 32. Snettisham swansong I. M. Stead 297 33. The Iron Age open-air ritual site at Hallaton, Leicestershire: some wider implications Colin Haselgrove and Vicki Score 304 34. Brit-art: Celtic Art in Roman Britain and on its Frontiers Jody Joy 315 35. Art in context: the massive metalworking tradition of north-east Scotland Fraser Hunter 325 36. The Torrs Chamfrein or Head-piece: restoring ‘A very curious relic of antiquity’ C. Stephen Briggs 341 37. Vincent, in appreciation Mansel Spratling 356 J. V. S. Megaw: bibliography 361 Colour Plates 373 CONTRIBUTORS Martina Blečić Kavur Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, Croatia mariana egri Faculty of Ancient History and Archaeology, Babeş-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania John Boardman Beazley Archive, University of Oxford, United Kingdom rudolf echt Institut für Vor- und Frühgeschichte und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany tomasz Bochnak Institute of Archaeology, University of Rzeszów, Poland Jan BouzeK Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Czech Republic Gertrúda Březinová Institute of Archaeology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia c. stephen Briggs formerly Royal Commission on the Ancient Historical Monuments of Wales, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom John collis Department of Archaeology, University of Shefield, United Kingdom sally crawford Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom marko dizdar Institute of Archaeology, University of Zagreb, Croatia andrew fitzpatrick Wessex Archaeology, United Kingdom Jennifer foster Department of Archaeology, University of Reading, United Kingdom otto-herman frey Institut für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Universität Marburg, Germany nathalie c. Ginoux Institut d’art et d’archéologie, Université Paris-Sorbonne, France Paul Gleirscher Abteilung für Ur- und Frühgeschichte, Landesmuseum Kärnten, Klagenfurt, Austria José gomez de soto Laboratoire HeRMA, Université de Poitiers, France viii Contributors chris gosden Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom laurent olivier Département des âges du Fer, Musée d’Archéologie nationale de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France MitJa Guštin Institute for Mediterranean Heritage, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia Petar PoPović Institute of Archaeology, University of Belgrade, Serbia colin haselGrove School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, United Kingdom fraser hunter Department of Scottish History and Archaeology, National Museums Scotland, United Kingdom Jody Joy Department of Prehistory and Europe, The British Museum, London, United Kingdom macieJ karwowski Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte, Universität Wien, Austria, and Instytut Archeologii, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszów, Poland fleMMinG Kaul Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen, Denmark Boris Kavur Institute for Mediterranean Heritage, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia John t. koch Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies, University of Wales, United Kingdom luana Kruta Independent scholar, Paris, France venceslas Kruta Centre national de la recherche scientiique (CNRS), Paris, France hrvoJe PotreBica Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia fernando Quesada sanz Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain peter c. ramsl Austrian Academy of Science, Commission for Prehistory c/o. Dept. for Prehistory, Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria Jan royt Institute of the History of Christian Art, Charles University Praha, Czech Republic aurel rustoiu Institute of Archaeology and History of Art, University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania martin schönfelder Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz, Germany vicKi score University of Leicester Archaeological Services, Leicester, United Kingdom mansel spratling Independent scholar, Cambridge, United Kingdom i. m. stead Independent scholar, York, United Kingdom thomas stöllner Institut für Archäologische Wissenschaften, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany thierry leJars Ecole Normale Supérieure, Archéologies d’Orient et d’Occident et Science des Textes, Paris, France Katharina ulMschneider Worcester College, University of Oxford, United Kingdom franco marzatico Castello del Buonconsiglio, monumenti e collezioni provinciali, Trento, Italy natalie venclová Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Praha, Czech Republic felix Müller Abteilungen für Ur- und Frühgeschichte und Archäologie der Römischen Provinzen, Universität Bern, Switzerland 18 LATE HALLSTATT AND EARLY LA TÈNE GOLD AND SILVER BEADS IN SOUTHEAST PANNONIA Hrvoje Potrebica and Marko Dizdar Introduction During the late phase of the Early Iron Age and the beginning of the Late Iron Age, in the territory of southeast Pannonia, among the grave goods accompanying rich female burials, there appeared gold and silver beads. These beads, made in various techniques, have been attributed to inluences from the southern part of the Balkan peninsula. In the same territory, graves from the late phase of the Early Iron Age have been attributed to the group of sites lying between Lake Balaton and the River Sava (Teržan 1977), that is, to the Syrmium group (Garašanin 1973; Majnarić-Pandžić 1981; Vasić 1982; 1987; 1989; Medović and Hänsel 2006; Ljuština 2010), dated to the period between the late 7th century and the second half of the 4th century BC. These are lat cemeteries consisting of inhumation burials, with rare incineration graves (Szentlörinc) (Jerem 1968). Typical of this group are skeletal female burials, with grave goods consisting of attire and jewellery, while male graves feature items of weaponry (Guštin and Teržan 1976; 1977). The attire includes bronze astragal belts and various types of ibulae, the most frequent among them being variants V and XIII of ibulae of the Certosa type. The women wore necklaces consisting of glass beads of various shapes, and in several graves gold and silver beads have also been found, as well as beads made of amber and coral. Beads made of precious metals have also been discovered in sites dated to subsequent periods: for example, to the beginning of the Late Iron Age, such as Klasje near the village of Gradac in the south-eastern part of the Požega Valley in central Slavonia. Dating The 1961 excavation of the Klasje site resulted in inds belonging to the La Tène Culture: for example, fragments of Early La Tène bronze bracelets, a fragment of an Early La Tène bronze ibula and a large number of varicoloured glass beads of diverse shapes (Potrebica and Balen 1999, 11–12, 28, Pl. 8, Pl. 10, 3). Among other inds, there were also three small and two larger beads made of gold sheet and fragments of gold wire (Potrebica and Balen, 1999, 28). In view of such inds, it was assumed that these could have originated from a La Tène Culture cemetery. In the same year, a test excavation was done on the nearby site of Babišnjača, resulting in the discovery of items originating from various periods of prehistory, including some fragments of Late La Tène pottery (Potrebica and Balen 1999, Pl. 6, 3–4). The two larger beads made of gold sheet, discovered in Klasje, were partially deformed, but originally of an oval shape, with longitudinal ribs and cylindrical extensions of the central hole. Three smaller beads of gold sheet, partially damaged, had been of the same shape, with a ribbed tubelike extension. At the same indsite, there were also two spirally coiled or twisted pieces of gold wire (Fig. 18.1). The closest analogies to the beads from Klasje can be found in Osijek where, in the zone of the Late Hallstatt and Early La Tène cemetery at Zeleno Polje, four biconical beads have been found, made of hammered gold sheet, with a cylindrical extension of the central hole and decorated with longitudinal ribs (Fig. 18.2). On two of these beads, there are visible burning marks (Spajić 1954, 15, pl. V, 34; Šimić 1997, 14, ig. 19), possibly indicating that they originate from a La Tène Culture cremation grave, bearing in mind that the Late Hallstatt graves contained inhumation burials, while the Early La Tène and Middle La Tène graves were bi-ritual. Three more biconical gold beads have been found in the territory of southeast Pannonia – they were discovered in 18. Late Hallstatt and Early La Tène gold and silver beads in southeast Pannonia 153 Fig. 18.1. Gold beads and wire from Klasje (archive of the Archaeological Museum Zagreb). Fig. 18.3. Gold necklace from grave I in Srijemska Mitrovica. Fig. 18.2. Gold beads from Osijek (after Šimić 1997). 1901, in the Late Hallstatt inhumation grave I in Srijemska Mitrovica. The beads originated from a necklace, and they used to be separated by four thin tubes made of spirally coiled gold wire, or saltaleone. One of the beads is slightly larger than the other two, and they are all made of gold sheet, and decorated, on each half, with rosettes made of double wire using iligree technique (Fig. 18.3). In the same grave, there were also beads made of amber, a bronze astragal belt with a three-eyed buckle, and two bronze ibulae of the Certosa type with three protrusions on the bow (Brunšmid 1902, 75–77, ig. 36; Vinski 1960, 60, ig. 2, 5). The grave has been attributed to the Syrmium group, and the ibulae have been dated to the late 6th and the early 5th century BC (Guštin and Teržan 1976, 195, ig. 3, 1). Analogies to the gold beads with iligree decoration from Srijemska Mitrovica can be found in princely graves and similar inds dating from the late phase of the Early Iron Age in the territory stretching from the central Balkans to Chalkidiki: for example, in the tumuli in Atenica, Pećka Banja and Novi Pazar, and among the inds from Kruševica. In the central grave of tumulus I in Atenica, there was a necklace composed of thin tubes made of ribbed gold sheet (imitating spirally coiled wire) and biconical beads made of gold sheet with transversal lines and circles (Djuknić and Jovanović 1965, 8, 13, pl. XV, 16–17; Palavestra 1984, 35; Vasić 1987b, 647; Vasić 2004, 24). Gold and silver decorative plates, and amber and glass beads, were also found in the same grave (Djuknić and Jovanović 1965, 8–9, pl. XV–XVII). The grave used to be dated to the late 6th and early 5th century BC (Guštin and Teržan 1976, 195; Vasić 2004, 21), but in recent papers addressing this topic it has been dated to the second quarter of the 6th century BC (Teržan 1998, 518, ig. 58). As with the grave in Srijemska Mitrovica, the inds from the peripheral grave in tumulus I included two thin tubes made of spirally coiled gold wire (Djuknić and Jovanović 1965, 10, pl. XIX, 12–13). A half of a gold-sheet bead was also found in the central grave of tumulus II (Djuknić and Jovanović 1965, 10, pl. XXI, 4). These biconical gold beads from the tumuli in Atenica are considered to have been produced in a local workshop, inspired by Greek models (Djuknić and Jovanović 1965, 13). In a tumulus in Novi Pazar, also dated to the early 5th century BC, three oval-shaped gold beads, decorated with spirals made using iligree and granulation techniques, have been found. In addition, there were eight small beads made using granulation technique, and thin tubes consisting of spirally coiled wire (Palavestra 1984; Vasić 1987b, 645, 154 Hrvoje Potrebica and Marko Dizdar pl. LIX, 6, 10), similar to those discovered in the grave in Srijemska Mitrovica. The Kruševica hoard (Srejović and Vukadin 1988, 13), also described as a grave in some publications (Jevtović 1990, 188), has also been dated to the irst quarter of the 5th century BC. In addition to other pieces of jewellery, a bronze oinochoe and a ceramic skyphos, the hoard also contained gold and silver beads decorated using granulation technique (Srejović and Vukadin 1988, 13). Two of the gold beads are of oval form, with ring-shaped extension made of iligree wire (Srejović and Vukadin 1988, 7, pl. I, 4–5). A silver gilded bead has also been found. It is biconical, with eight vertical ribs made using iligree technique. A further two beads of the same form are somewhat smaller in size (Srejović and Vukadin 1988, 7–8, pl. IV, 4–6), and similar to the bead discovered in grave 1 in Beremend (Jerem 1973, ig. 5, 5). The Kruševica ind also contained two silver beads of an oval shape, ornate with triangular motifs executed in granulation technique (Srejović and Vukadin 1988, 8, pl. IV, 7–8), two silver beads of an oval shape with a largediameter threading hole (Srejović and Vukadin 1988, 8, pl. IV, 9–10), 11 thin tubes made of spirally coiled silver wire with meandering ornament in the middle section, and an amber bead (Srejović and Vukadin 1988, 8, pl. V, 1–4). Slightly larger silver tubes of an identical shape have been found in the princely grave – probably destroyed – in Pećka Banja, dated to the second half of the 6th century BC on the basis of imports of Greek black-igure pottery (Jevtović 1990, 59, 187, ig. 137/11). Although beads made of precious metals have not been found in this grave, the discovered inventory fully corresponds to contemporary princely graves: amber beads, silver ibulae of the Novi Pazar type, a pair of silver bracelets featuring snakes’ heads, a pair of silver bracelets of the Mramorac type, silver omega pins, a ribbed bead made of blue glass paste, and also Greco-Illyrian helmets, a bronze pendant for a whetstone and trilobate arrows (Lucci 1998, 577–586). Trilobate arrows, a bronze pendant for a whetstone of the same type and nearly all forms of jewellery have also been found in Atenica, while Greco-Illyrian helmets have been discovered in the famous necropolises of Trebenište and Sindos. The Sindos graves contained an abundance of gold jewellery, richly decorated with iligree and granulation. Such decoration is present especially on various pendants and necklace beads, such as that from grave 67, which also contained one of the four gold masks discovered in the necropolis (Despini 1985, 182–205, 208–209, igs. 322–323). The grave has been dated to the end of the 6th century BC. The same forms of jewellery and weaponry have been found in the exceptionally richly furnished graves in the necropolis of Trebenište near Ohrid, also dated to the late 6th and the early 5th century BC. Locally-made or imported? It would appear that the workshops which produced this jewellery, including the gold beads with filigree and granulation decoration, were located somewhere in the area of Chalkidiki, possibly in the vicinity of Sindos. From there, these items spread towards the north, marking their way in the elite graves of the period in the central Balkans. Interestingly, in grave 29 of the cemetery in SopronKrautacker, a necklace has been discovered consisting of glass and amber beads and cowrie shells, and also some tiny gold beads. On the basis of the bronze Pontic earrings coated with electrum, the grave has been attributed to a woman who had come to northwest Pannonia through exogamy, and was buried in line with the local rite (Jerem 1981, 114, ig. 7, 1). These gold beads were not domestically produced in the territory of Pannonia either, but they arrived here from a different direction, which is relected in their shape, different from the rest of the gold beads discovered in sites in southeast Pannonia. Generally, E. Jerem believes that beads made of precious metals and other similar forms of jewellery are characteristic of the material heritage of Thracians and Illyrians, and considers them, where present in southern and eastern Alpine sites, as imports (Jerem 1973, 81). The discoveries of silver beads, often decorated using iligree and granulation techniques, have also been attributed to southern inluences. The best example is the biconical silver bead from grave 1 in Beremend, similar to the abovementioned items from the Kruševica hoard. In the same grave, there were also bronze ibulae of Certosa types I and XIIIa, an astragal belt and glass beads, allowing the grave to be dated to the late 6th or the early 5th century BC (Jerem 1973, 66, ig 5, 5). Fairly different silver beads have been found in the nearby cemetery of Szentlörinc. In each of graves 41 and 44, one biconical silver bead was found, made of horizontally coiled wire (decorated with iligree) (Jerem 1968, 186, ig. 25,41/1, ig. 26,44/2). The graves contained ibulae of Certosa type XIIIh, and ibulae with twisted tip of the foot, indicating that the graves can be dated to the late 5th and early 4th century BC. Beads made of horizontally coiled silver wire have also been discovered in Umčari in northern Serbia (Garašanin 1961, 88, ig. 8) and in Nikinci in Syrmium, and dated to the period between the 6th and 4th century BC (Vasić 2005, 68, ig. 12–16). In addition, two silver rings have been found in Nikinci, featuring a rhomboid plate decorated with a rosette motif (Vasić 2005, 68, igs. 21–22). Analogies for these items can be found in the Čurug hoard, containing three silver rings with oval plates decorated with triangular and circular motifs, and considered to be southern inluences (Vasić 1995, 84, 87, ig. 1, 8). The Čurug hoard included some exceptionally 18. Late Hallstatt and Early La Tène gold and silver beads in southeast Pannonia valuable pieces of female jewellery, such as silver rings and earrings, richly decorated using iligree and granulation techniques. Other pieces of jewellery have also been found there: for example, diverse bracelets and beads, and silver, bronze and glass elements of female attire (ibulae, parts of the belt). All the inds from this eponymous hoard have been attributed to the Čurug chronological phase, dated to the end of the irst half and the second half of the 4th century BC (Božič 1984; Vasić 1988; Popović 1996; Vasić 1995; Ljuština 2010; Rustoiu 2012). Unlike the gold and silver jewellery from Srijemska Mitrovica and the Atenica and Novi Pazar tumuli, the inds from Nikinci and Čurug have been linked to the local south-Pannonian workshops. Silver and gold belts of the Mramorac type – the greatest number of which have been discovered in sites in the Morava region (Stojić 2007a; 2008) – are considered to be of local origin, and dated to the late 6th and the early 5th century BC, and the silver spirally coiled bracelets and earrings appearing in both Late Hallstatt and Early La Tène graves are local southPannonian forms, attesting to a longer period of use of some of the forms of jewellery made of precious metals (Jovanović 1994; 2007; Majnarić-Pandžić 1995, 36; Dizdar and Potrebica 2002; Rustoiu 2012). Silver bracelets whose ends might inish in snake-like heads (Bogdanovci, Čurug, Baranja) or in trapezoid forms (Čurug, Srijemska Mitrovica II, Sombor and several sites in northwest Bulgaria) can be taken as local products, too. The workshops in which they were produced have been placed in southeast Pannonia and northwest Bulgaria, and the models for their style have been identiied in Macedonian bracelets with snake-like heads (Vasić 1995, 83–86; 2001, 26–27). On the other hand, the discovered gold and silver boatshaped earrings decorated using iligree and granulation techniques testify to the fact that not all items made of precious metals in the late Early Iron Age were produced in local workshops. In the territory of southeast Pannonia, two such silver earrings have been found in Erdut (Fig. 18.4) in eastern Slavonia, and one gold earring originates from each of Srijemska Mitrovica and Putinci in Syrmium. The earrings have been dated to the irst half of the 4th century BC and are considered imports from Macedonian workshops, although the possibility that they, too, were produced locally cannot be ruled out (Vinski 1960; Vasić 1991; 2001, 26). However, even if these were local products, the idea must have come from the south, which is best attested to by the pair of silver earrings discovered in a grave from the irst half of the 4th century BC in Ždanec (Sokolovska and Pašić 1975, 236–238, pl. III, 1–2), or those from the contemporary grave 1 in tumulus IX at Rudine (Zotović 1991, 85, ig. 6, 3). A similar silver earring was discovered in Radolište (Popović 1994, 143, ig. 134), and a further silver pair of 155 Fig. 18.4. Silver earrings from Erdut (archive of the Archaeological Museum Zagreb). unknown origin is kept in the National Museum in Belgrade (Popović 1994, 143). Yet another argument in favour of the southern origin of the earrings is provided by a very similar gold piece from the destroyed grave in Ulpiana, dated to the end of the 5th and the beginning of the 4th century BC (Fidanovski 1998, 591, ig. 231). Another import that came from the south, that is, from the territory of the Balkans, was silver omega pins of the IIId type, with heads of a circular (Dalj, Vineyard L. Poštić, grave 89) or rectangular cross-section (Bogdanovci). Such pins have been found in south-Pannonian sites and dated to the 5th and 4th century BC (Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 163; Vasić 1988, 170; 2003, 122–123). The small silver box from Bogdanovci is probably an import which came from the same direction (Brunšmid 1909), and direct analogies for that item can be found in the Ždanec grave, mentioned above, from the early 4th century BC (Sokolovska and Pašić 1975, 241, pl. IV, 2). The small gold box from the Tremnik hoard is also similar, and it has been dated to the end of the 4th or the beginning of the 3rd century BC (Mitrevski 2011, 202, ig. 5). 156 Hrvoje Potrebica and Marko Dizdar Southeast Pannonia and the Southern Balkans The discovered items made of precious metals referred to above, mostly elements of female attire and jewellery, suggest that, in the period between the 6th and 4th century BC, there were some complex ties between the territory of southeast Pannonia and the southern Balkans. The gold and silver beads decorated using iligree and granulation techniques found at the sites of southeast Pannonia and dated to the end of the Early Iron Age were probably imports from the south, that is, from Macedonia. Workshops which produced such jewellery were located in the area of Chalkidiki, as demonstrated by richly furnished graves in the necropolis of Sindos. From there, the communication network spread northwards, which is attested to by exceptionally rich elite graves from the end of the 6th and the beginning of the 5th century BC, such as those in Trebenište, Pećka Banja, Novi Pazar, Kruševica and Atenica. Soon thereafter, such items emerged in the southeast of the Pannonian Valley, as shown by the beads discovered in the richly furnished female graves in Srijemska Mitrovica and Beremend, also dated to the end of the 6th and the beginning of the 5th century BC. The communication and exchange deinitely did not go in only one direction, which is demonstrated by the trilobate arrow-heads and necklaces made of unprocessed amber discovered at the site of At, near Vršac (Vasić 1987, 564–565), and also in the princely graves in Atenica and Pećka Banja. Both princely graves in Atenica (Djuknić and Jovanović 1965, 20, T. XIII, 10, T. XVIII, 3–5, T. XXV, 5–6) also contained bridle-bits of the Vekerzug type considered to be of Scythian origin. Such bits have been found regularly in the necropolises of Beremend and Szentlörinc (Jerem 1968; 1973). In the territory of southern Pannonia, in addition to beads, silver was used to produce other elements of attire and jewellery, such as ibulae, rings, earrings and belts. The typological diversity of such items and their greater number after the middle of the 1st millennium BC indicate that there were local south-Pannonian workshops, probably located somewhere in Syrmium (Vasić 2001, 25; 2005, 72; 2006, 120–121). Therefore, even the beads found in southeast Pannonia and attributed to the Early La Tène contexts had probably been produced in local workshops. The gold beads from the sites of Klasje and Osijek it into this picture, and despite the fact that the exact context of their discovery is not known, they can probably be dated to the second half of the 4th century BC. Nonetheless, the links to the south were maintained during Hellenism, as attested to by the settlements of Hisar and Kale-Krševica in southern Serbia. These well-researched sites were important centres on the famous Vardar-Morava communication route, in which objects, ideas and knowledge were exchanged (Stojić 2007b; Popović 2006; 2012). The contacts of the second half of the 4th century BC are further conirmed by the bronze vessels in the hoard of Rgajski Grad (Stojić 2007c), and the bronze vessels from the Early La Tène grave 22 in Karaburma are of the same origin. The latter should be considered as diplomatic gifts or traded objects, rather than war booty resulting from a campaign in the south, thus brought to the area surrounding the mouth of the River Sava on the Danube (Blečić Kavur and Kavur 2010, 75–76). 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