ZBORNIK II. MEĐUNARODNOG ARHEOLOŠKOG KOLOKVIJA, CRIKVENICA, 28.-29. LISTOPADA 2011. Rimske keramičarske i staklarske radionice. Proizvodnja i trgovina na jadranskom prostoru Tema kolokvija: Eksperimentalna arheologija ATTI DEL II COLLOQUIO ARCHEOLOGICO INTERNAZIONALE, CRIKVENCA (CROAZIA), 28-29 OTTOBRE 2011 Oficine per la produzione di ceramica e vetro in epoca romana. Produzione e commercio nella regione adriatica Tema del colloquio: Archeologia sperimentale. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2nd INTERNATIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLOQUIUM, CRIKVENICA (CROATIA), 28th-29th OCTOBER 2011 Roman Pottery and Glass Manufactures. Production and Trade in the Adriatic region Colloquium Theme: Experimental archaeology Zbornik Instituta za arheologiju/ Serta Instituti Archaeologici Volume 2 Institut za arheologiju Muzej Grada Crikvenice Hrvatska zaklada za znanost Grad Crikvenica Izdavač / Editore / Publisher INSTITUT ZA ARHEOLOGIJU MUZEJ GRADA CRIKVENICE Za Izdavača / Direzione editoriale / For the Publisher Silvija HULJINA Adresa uredništva / Indirizzo editoriale / Editorial Address Institut za arheologiju / Istituto di Archeologia / Institute of Archaeology HR-10000 Zagreb, Ljudevita Gaja 32 Tel.: +385 (0)1 61 50 250 Fax: +385 (0)1 60 55 806 e-mail: iarh@iarh.hr web: http://www.iarh.hr Urednici / A cura di / Editors Goranka LIPOVAC VRKLJAN, Bartul ŠILJEG, Ivana OŽANIĆ ROGULJIĆ, Ana KONESTRA Izvršni urednici / Editori esecutivi / Desk editors Ana KONESTRA, Ivana OŽANIĆ ROGULJIĆ, Bartul ŠILJEG Znanstveni izdavački savjet / Comitato Editoriale Scientiico / Scientiic Editorial Board Tamás BEZECKY (Beč), Ivo FADIĆ (Zadar), Stefania MAZZOCCHIN (Padova), Željko MILETIĆ (Zadar), Verena VIDRIH PERKO (Kranj), Stefania PESAVENTO MATTIOLI (Padova), Angelina RAIČKOVIĆ SAVIĆ (Beograd), Mirjana SANADER (Zagreb), Eleni SCHINDLER KAUDELKA (Graz, Magdalensberg), Susanne ZABEHLICKY-SCHEFFENEGGER (Beč) Prijevod na engleski / Traduzione inglese / English translation ALITER d.o.o.,Viola RAŽEM Prijevod na talijanski / Traduzione italiano / Italian translation Ana KONESTRA Lektura / Revisione testi / Language editing Renata DRAŽENOVIĆ, Diana GREBLIČKI-MICULINIĆ (hrvatski jezik / croato / Croatian), Ana KONESTRA (talijanski jezik / italiano /Italian), ALITER d.o.o.,Viola RAŽEM (engleski jezik / inglese / English) Korektura / Correzioni bozze / Proofreading Kristina JELINČIĆ VUČKOVIĆ, Ana KONESTRA, Iva KOSTEŠIĆ, Ivana OŽANIĆ ROGULJIĆ, Nera ŠEGVIĆ, Bartul ŠILJEG Graičko oblikovanje / Progettazione graica / Graphic design Bojan CRNIĆ Korice / Copertina / Cover Bojan CRNIĆ, Dora VUKIČEVIĆ Tisak / Stampa /Printed by Cibo Copy, Zagreb Naklada / Tiratura / Issued 300 primjeraka / 300 copie / 300 copies U suglasnosti s Muzejom Grada Crikvenice Zbornik se objavljuje unutar nove edicije Instituta za arheologiju Zbornik Instituta za arheologiju/ Serta Instituti Archaeologici ZIA/SIA knjiga / volumen 2. Sredstva za tisak ovog Zbornika II. međunarodnog arheološkog kolokvija u Crikvenici osigurao je Grad Crikvenica. Ovaj rad/Zbornik/ je suinancirala Hrvatska zaklada za znanost projektom IP-11-2013-3979 This work/Proceedings/ has been supported in part by Cratian Science Foundation under the project IP-11-2013-3979 ISBN 978-953-6064-17-5 ISBN 978-953-56521-4-4 CIP zapis dostupan u računalnome katalogu Nacionalne i sveučilišne knjižnice u Zagrebu pod brojem 889233 RIMSKE KERAMIČARSKE I STAKLARSKE RADIONICE PROIZVODNJA I TRGOVINA NA JADRANSKOM PROSTORU Tema kolokvija: Eksperimentalna arheologija ZBORNIK II. MEĐUNARODNOG ARHEOLOŠKOG KOLOKVIJA CRIKVENICA, 28.-29. LISTOPADA 2011. OFFICINE PER LA PRODUZIONE DI CERAMICA E VETRO IN EPOCA ROMANA PRODUZIONE E COMMERCIO NELLA REGIONE ADRIATICA Tema del colloquio: Archeologia sperimentale. ATTI DEL II COLLOQUIO ARCHEOLOGICO INTERNAZIONALE CRIKVENCA (CROAZIA), 28-29 OTTOBRE 2011 ROMAN POTTERY AND GLASS MANUFACTURES PRODUCTION AND TRADE IN THE ADRIATIC REGION Colloquium Theme: Experimental archaeology PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2nd INTERNATIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLOQUIUM CRIKVENICA (CROATIA), 28th-29th OCTOBER 2011 UREDNICI / A CURA DI / EDITORS GORANKA LIPOVAC VRKLJAN BARTUL ŠILJEG IVANA OŽANIĆ ROGULJIĆ ANA KONESTRA CRIKVENICA 2014. SADRŽAJ CONTENUTO CONTENTS Predgovor urednika Prefazione dell’Editore Editor’s Preface Eksperimentalna arheologija: Tehnologija rada rimskih peći i izrada keramičkih predmeta Archeologia sperimentale: Tecnologia di funzionamento delle fornaci romane e produzione della ceramica Experimental archaeology: The technology of Roman kilns and pottery production Armand DESBAT La cuisson des céramiques antiques: bilan de 30 années d’expérimentations (1983-2013) Pečenje antičke keramike: rezultat tridesetogodišnjeg eksperimentiranja (1983-2013) 3 Goranka LIPOVAC VRKLJAN, Irena JURIĆ, Tea ROSIĆ, Ivica NOVOSEL, Zvonimir KUZMIĆ Replika rimske keramičarske peći u Crikvenici A replica of a Roman pottery kiln in Crikvenica 41 Zrinka ŠIMIĆ KANAET, Biserka RADANOVIĆ GUŽVICA Eksperimentalna arheologija - tehnika izrade keramičkog tarionika Experimental archaeology - a technique for manufacturing a pottery mortarium 59 Danijela ROKSANDIĆ Tehnike ukrašavanja kasnorimske keramike na nekoliko primjera iz Vinkovaca Late Roman pottery decorating techniques on several examples from Vinkovci 65 Marina KOVAČ, Experimental workshop: the making of Roman clay lamps at the Museum of Slavonia Osijek Eksperimentalna radionica: izrada rimskih keramičkih svjetiljki u Muzeju Slavonije u Osijeku 71 Predrag PETROVIĆ PEPI Tradicijsko lončarstvo u Velom Ižu Traditional pottery production of Veli Iž 79 Verena VIDRIH PERKO Experimental Archaeology in the Heritage Incubator of an Ecomuseum Eksperimentalna arheologija u inkubatoru baštine ekomuzeja 85 Povijesni i topografski okviri sjevernog Hrvatskog primorja Contesto storico e topograico della costa Croata settentrionale Historical and topographical frameworks of the northern Croatian coast Goranka LIPOVAC VRKLJAN, Ranko STARAC Antička mikrotopograija Hrvatskog primorja Prilog poznavanju arheološkog krajolika Vinodola prema nalazima crikveničke keramike Ancient microtopoghraphy of the Hrvatskog primorja Adding to the existing knowledge of the archeological landscape of Vinodol based on the Crivenica pottery inds Siniša BILIĆ DUJMUŠIĆ Bitka kod Krka godine 49. pr. Kr. The Battle of Krk 49 BC 93 107 Rimske keramičarske radionice, proizvodnja i trgovina Oficine per la produzione di ceramica in epoca romana, Produzione e commercio Roman Pottery Manufacture, Production and Trade Antonio MARCHIORI, Chiara D’INCÀ Le fornaci e il centro produttivo di Loron: nuovi dati, nuove rilessioni Peći i proizvodni centar u Lorunu: novi podaci, nova razmišljanja 127 Paola VENTURA Impianti produttivi nell’agro settentrionale di Iulia Concordia: nuovi dati Proizvodni kompleksi u sjevernom ageru Iulie Concordie: novi podaci 141 155 Luciana MANDRUZZATO, Massimo BRAINI Intervento di scavo in una fornace romana a Dolegnano - S. Giovanni al Natisone (UD), loc. Masarotte. Terenska istraživanja rimske keramičarke peći u S. Giovanni al Natisone, lokalitet Dolegnano (UD) Silvia CIPRIANO, Giovanna M. SANDRINI Dallo scavo al Museo: la fornace per la ceramica di Altino Od istraživanja do muzeja: peć za keramiku iz Altina 163 Maja BAUSOVAC, Jure KRAJŠEK Lončarske radionice na Bregu u Celju Pottery workshops on Breg in Celje 173 Stefania PESAVENTO MATTIOLI Le produzioni di anfore vinarie nei territori adriatici: questioni di metodo Proizvodnja vinskih amfora na Jadranu: metodološka pitanja 191 Silvia CIPRIANO, Stefania MAZZOCCHIN, Lara MARITAN Il quartiere di artigianale di via Montona a Padova: le produzioni ceramiche e la loro caratterizzazione archeometrica The manufacturing center on via Montona in Padua: pottery products and their archaeometrical characteristics 199 Tina ŽERJAL Roman tegulae in northern Istria Rimske krovne opeke na području sjeverne Istre 219 Tamas BEZECZKY The Laecanius Amphorae Lekanijeve amfore 241 Ana KONESTRA La ceramica dai corredi funerari della necropoli Kurilovo conservata nella collezione archeologica del JANAF. Keramika iz grobnih priloga nekropole Kurilovo pohranjena u arheološkoj zbirci JANAF-a 259 Ivana OŽANIĆ ROGULJIĆ Posude s perforiranom rešetkom iz Crikvenice Vessels with perforated grids from Crikvenica 279 Igor BORZIĆ Keramičko kuhinjsko posuđe XI. legije s lokaliteta Burnum-Amiteatar Ceramic cooking ware of Legio XI from the Burnum amphitheatre site 287 Kristina JELINČIĆ VUČKOVIĆ Ceramica antica dall’isola di Brač: siti archeologici Pučišća Oklade e Pučišća Mladinje brdo Antička keramika s otoka Brača: lokaliteti Pučišća Oklade i Pučišća Mladinje brdo 301 Eduard SHEHI 315 Terra Sigillata and local red slip ware in southern Illyria (2nd century BC - 2nd century AD) Terra Sigillata i lokalna keramika s crvenim premazom u južnom Iliriku (2 st. pr. Kr. - 2. st. po. Kr.) Maja JANEŽIČ Roman oil lamps discovered during archaeological researches in Vičava, Ptuj Rimske svjetiljke otkrivene tijekom arheoloških istraživanja u Vičavi kraj Ptuja 327 Jasmina DAVIDOVIĆ, Marina KOVAČ Two interesting anthropomorphous lamps from Sirmium and Mursa Dvije zanimljive antropomorfne lampe iz Sirmia i Murse 339 Rimsko staklo, trgovina na jadranskom prostoru Vetro in epoca romana, commercio nella regione adriatica Roman Glass Trade in the Adriatic region Ivana JADRIĆ-KUČAN Ulomak staklene bočice s reljefnim prikazom glave Meduze Shard of glass bottle with a relief depicting the head of Medusa 351 Toni BRAJKOVIĆ 357 Stakleni pužoliki riton s liburnsko - rimske nekropole Velike Mrdakovice kod Šibenika Glass snail-shaped riton from the Liburnian Roman necropolis in Velika Mrdakovica near Šibenik Anamarija ETEROVIĆ Reljefne staklene čaše s grčkim natpisom s užeg zadarskog područja Glasses embossed with Greek inscriptions from the Zadar area 367 Ivo FADIĆ, Berislav ŠTEFANAC, Reljefno dekorirane staklene boce i bočice iz antičke Liburnije Mold-blown glass bottles from ancient Liburnia 377 Šime PEROVIĆ 405 Restauracija staklenih izložaka iz stalnog postava Muzeja antičkog stakla u Zadru Restoration of glass exhibits in the permanent exhibition of the Museum of Ancient Glass in Zadar Prilog: Program Kolokvija Apendice: Programma del Colloquio Appendix: Colloquium Programme PREDGOVOR UREDNIKA PREFAZIONE DELL’EDITORE EDITOR’S PREFACE Cijenjeni kolegice i kolege Veliko nam je zadovoljstvo u ime Uredništva napisati nekoliko uvodnih riječi prigodom objave Zbornika II. međunarodnog arheološkog kolokvija o rimskim keramičarskim i staklarskim radionicama na jadranskom prostoru održanog u Crikvenici 28. - 29. 10. 2011. g. i to iz više razloga. Prvi je razlog svakako činjenica njegove objave. Zahvaljujući prvenstveno znanstvenom interesu autora tekstova, njihovom naporu i razumijevanju i ove smo godine uspjeli održati kontinuitet objave radova s naših trienalnih Kolokvija. Iznimno veliki broj odaziva međunarodnih recenzenata kao i visoka znanstvena razina recenziranih tekstova dodatni je motiv zadovoljstvu izlaska ovog drugog Zbornika. Prethodno navedeni razlozi našeg zadovoljstva ne bi bili vidljivi znanstvenoj zajednici i svim zainteresiranim stručnjacima bez potpore institucija koje su izravno bile uključene u cijeli proces rada na Zborniku. I premda se zahvale u ovakvim prilikama uobičajeno iznose pri kraju uvodne riječi, ovom prigodom činimo iznimku i na samom početku iskazujemo svoje zahvale Muzeju Grada Crikvenice i Gradu Crikvenici na prepoznavanju važnosti izdavanja Zbornika koji svojom tematikom doprinosi razumijevanju antičke kulture kao temelju europske baštine, te na njihovoj inancijskoj pomoći. Iste zahvale pripadaju i Ministarstvu znanosti, obrazovanja i sporta RH, Ministarstvu Kulture RH, Hrvatskoj zakladi za znanost te našoj matičnoj ustanovi Institutu za arheologiju. Zahvaljujući višegodišnjim istraživanjima keramičarskog proizvodnog središta u Crikvenici koja su se provodila unutar znanstvenog projekta "Sjeverno Hrvatsko primorje u kontekstu antičkog obrambenog sustava" Instituta za arheologiju a koji je trajao sve do kraja 2013. godine, u Crikvenici su se stvorile pretpostavke za organiziranje znanstvenog središta za povremena okupljanja međunarodnih i domaćih arheologa i ostalih stručnjaka koji se bave temama antičkih proizvodnih središta. Ideja o razmjeni znanstvenih promišljanja o višeslojnim aspektima keramičarskih i staklarskih radionica, njihovoj prostornoj koncepciji, rekonstrukciji proizvodne tehnologije, trgovini i uporabi roba proizišla je prvenstveno iz potrebe razumijevanja svih sudionika u tom složenom i dinamičnom procesu, posebno unutar jadranskog prostora i krajolika Sredozemlja kao središta i izvorišta brojnih radionica i trgovačkih komunikacijskih pravaca. Nakon prvog Kolokvija u Crikvenici 2008. godine i zaključaka koji su proizašli iz rasprava o stupnju poznavanja i razumijevanja razvoja proizvodnih tehnologija, ukazala se potreba dodatnog konzultiranja i primjene iskustva i znanja stečenih kroz eksperimentalne projekte. Posebno one vezane uz rekonstrukcije režima rada peći i tehnologiju pečenja antičke keramike. Potaknuti upravo tom činjenicom kao i izazovom izgradnje replike rimske keramičarske peći otkrivene u crikveničkom proizvodnom kompleksu, jedna je od sekcija drugog Kolokvija 2011. godine bila posvećena upravo problemima istraživanja određenih aspekta tehnologije rada peći i oblikovanja predmeta. Tijekom kongresa u replici crikveničke peći proveli smo i jedno pečenje keramičkih predmeta kako bi s renomiranim kolegama, stručnjacima za antičku keramiku i peći, podijelili izravno iskustvo eksperimentalnih rezultata. U ovom se drugom broju Zbornika tako, uz tekstove iz područja antičke keramologije i rimskih keramičarskih i staklarskih radionica, objavljuju i radovi proizašli iz eksperimentalnih projekata. Vjerujemo da će tekstovi ovog Zbornika naići na istu znanstvenu i stručnu pozornost kao i tekstovi objavljeni u prvom broju. U toj se vjeri još jednom zahvaljujemo svim kolegama na njihovom doprinosu kao i Znanstvenom odboru Kolokvija i Znanstvenom izdavačkom savjetu Zbornika koji svojim sudjelovanjem pružaju značajan poticaj našem zajedničkom radu. Ovaj se broj Zbornika objavljuje unutar nove edicije Instituta za arheologiju pod naslovom Zbornik Instituta za arheologiju/Serta Instituti Archaeologici ZIA/SIA kao volumen 2 uz suglasnost s Muzejom Grada Crikvenice na čemu zahvaljujemo. Još jednom, na samom karaju ovih uvodnih riječi ističemo da je Grad Crikvenica osigurao inancijska sredstva za tiskanje Zbornika za što iskazujemo našu posebnu zahvalu. Goranka Lipovac Vrkljan PREDGOVOR UREDNIKA PREFAZIONE DELL’EDITORE EDITOR’S PREFACE Cijenjeni kolegice i kolege Spettabili colleghe e colleghi Veliko nam je zadovoljstvo u ime Uredništva napisati nekoliko uvodnih riječi prigodom objave Zbornika II. međunarodnog arheološkog kolokvija o rimskim keramičarskim i staklarskim radionicama na jadranskom prostoru održanog u Crikvenici 28. - 29. 10. 2011. g. i to iz više razloga. Prvi je razlog svakako činjenica njegove objave. Zahvaljujući prvenstveno znanstvenom interesu autora tekstova, njihovom naporu i razumijevanju i ove smo godine uspjeli održati kontinuitet objave radova s naših trienalnih Kolokvija. Iznimno veliki broj odaziva međunarodnih recenzenata kao i visoka znanstvena razina recenziranih tekstova dodatni je motiv zadovoljstvu izlaska ovog drugog Zbornika. Prethodno navedeni razlozi našeg zadovoljstva ne bi bili vidljivi znanstvenoj zajednici i svim zainteresiranim stručnjacima bez potpore institucija koje su izravno bile uključene u cijeli proces rada na Zborniku. I premda se zahvale u ovakvim prilikama uobičajeno iznose pri kraju uvodne riječi, ovom prigodom činimo iznimku i na samom početku iskazujemo svoje zahvale Muzeju Grada Crikvenice i Gradu Crikvenici na prepoznavanju važnosti izdavanja Zbornika koji svojom tematikom doprinosi razumijevanju antičke kulture kao temelju europske baštine, te na njihovoj inancijskoj pomoći. Iste zahvale pripadaju i Ministarstvu znanosti, obrazovanja i sporta RH, Ministarstvu Kulture RH, Hrvatskoj zakladi za znanost te našoj matičnoj ustanovi Institutu za arheologiju. Zahvaljujući višegodišnjim istraživanjima keramičarskog proizvodnog središta u Crikvenici koja su se provodila unutar znanstvenog projekta "Sjeverno Hrvatsko primorje u kontekstu antičkog obrambenog sustava" Instituta za arheologiju a koji je trajao sve do kraja 2013. godine, u Crikvenici su se stvorile pretpostavke za organiziranje znanstvenog središta za povremena okupljanja međunarodnih i domaćih arheologa i ostalih stručnjaka koji se bave temama antičkih proizvodnih središta. Ideja o razmjeni znanstvenih promišljanja o višeslojnim aspektima keramičarskih i staklarskih radionica, njihovoj prostornoj koncepciji, rekonstrukciji proizvodne tehnologije, trgovini i uporabi roba proizišla je prvenstveno iz potrebe razumijevanja svih sudionika u tom složenom i dinamičnom procesu, posebno unutar jadranskog prostora i krajolika Sredozemlja kao središta i izvorišta brojnih radionica i trgovačkih komunikacijskih pravaca. Nakon prvog Kolokvija u Crikvenici 2008. godine i zaključaka koji su proizašli iz rasprava o stupnju poznavanja i razumijevanja razvoja proizvodnih tehnologija, ukazala se potreba dodatnog konzultiranja i primjene iskustva i znanja stečenih kroz eksperimentalne projekte. Posebno one vezane uz rekonstrukcije režima rada peći i tehnologiju pečenja antičke keramike. Potaknuti upravo tom činjenicom kao i izazovom izgradnje replike rimske keramičarske peći otkrivene u crikveničkom proizvodnom kompleksu, jedna je od sekcija drugog Kolokvija 2011. godine bila posvećena upravo problemima istraživanja određenih aspekta tehnologije rada peći i oblikovanja predmeta. Tijekom kongresa u replici crikveničke peći proveli smo i jedno pečenje keramičkih predmeta kako bi s renomiranim kolegama, stručnjacima za antičku keramiku i peći, podijelili izravno iskustvo eksperimentalnih rezultata. U ovom se drugom broju Zbornika tako, uz tekstove iz područja antičke keramologije i rimskih keramičarskih i staklarskih radionica, objavljuju i radovi proizašli iz eksperimentalnih projekata. Vjerujemo da će tekstovi ovog Zbornika naići na istu znanstvenu i stručnu pozornost kao i tekstovi objavljeni u prvom broju. U toj se vjeri još jednom zahvaljujemo svim kolegama na njihovom doprinosu kao i Znanstvenom odboru Kolokvija i Znanstvenom izdavačkom savjetu Zbornika koji svojim sudjelovanjem pružaju značajan poticaj našem zajedničkom radu. Ovaj se broj Zbornika objavljuje unutar nove edicije Instituta za arheologiju pod naslovom Zbornik Instituta za arheologiju/Serta Instituti Archaeologici ZIA/SIA kao volumen 2 uz suglasnost s Muzejom Grada Crikvenice na čemu zahvaljujemo. Još jednom, na samom karaju ovih uvodnih riječi ističemo da je Grad Crikvenica osigurao inancijska sredstva za tiskanje Zbornika za što iskazujemo našu posebnu zahvalu. Goranka Lipovac Vrkljan E’ con grande piacere che scriviamo queste parole d’introduzione, a nome del Comitato redazionale, e in occasione della pubblicazione degli Atti del II Colloquio internazionale sulle oficine per la produzione di ceramica e vetro in area adriatica, tenutosi a Crikvenica il 28 e 29 ottobre 2011. Il principale motivo per cui siamo lieti di poterlo fare è la pubblicazione stessa. Innanzitutto, è grazie all›interesse scientiico degli autori dei contributi, al loro sforzo e alla loro comprensione, che siamo riusciti a mantenere la continuità nella pubblicazione degli Atti dei nostri convegni triennali. La partecipazione di molteplici recensori internazionali, nonché l’alto valore scientiico dei testi recensiti, sono un ulteriore motivi di soddisfazione che accompagna questa pubblicazione. La società scientiica e i professionisti interessati non avrebbe però modo di avvicinarsi a tali soddisfacenti risultati se ci fosse mancato il sostegno delle numerose istituzioni direttamente coinvolte in tutte le tappe del lavoro sugli Atti. Nonostante l’usanza, in queste occasioni, di lasciare i ringraziamenti per ultimi, questa volta vogliamo fare un’eccezione e ringraziare già all’inizio il Museo civico di Crikvenica e la Città di Crikvenica per aver riconosciuto l’importanza dell’edizione degli Atti, che con la loro tematica danno un importante apporto alla comprensione della cultura antica come fondamento del patrimonio europeo, nonché per l’aiuto inanziario offertoci. Gli stessi ringraziamenti vanno estesi al Ministero della scienza, dell’educazione e dello sporto della Croazia, al Ministero della cultura della Croazia, alla Fondazione croata per la scienza e alla nostra istituzione, l’Istituto di archeologia. Grazie alla pluriennale ricerca all’interno del centro produttivo per la ceramica di Crikvenica, condotta nell’ambito del progetto "L’area settentrionale dello Hrvatsko primorje nel contesto del sistema di difesa romano" dell’Istituto di archeologia e terminato alla ine del 2013, a Crikvenica sono state create le premesse per l’organizzazione di un centro scientiico per incontri occasionali di archeologi e altri specialisti internazionali e croati che si occupano dei temi connessi ai centri produttivi antichi. L’idea dello scambio di idee sugli aspetti pluristratiicati delle oficine per la produzione di ceramica e vetro, sulla loro organizzazione spaziale, sulla ricostruzione della tecnologia di produzione, sul commercio e l’utilizzo dei prodotti, è nata dalla necessità di capire i ruoli di tutti i partecipanti in questo dinamico processo. Particolare attenzione viene data all›area adriatica e ai paesaggi del Mediterraneo, come sedi di numerose oficine ma anche luoghi d’origine dei trafici commerciali. Dopo le conclusioni scaturite dal primo Colloquio tenutosi a Crikvenica nel 2008 e grazie alla discussione di temi quali il livello di conoscenza e interpretazione delle tecnologie di produzione, si è sentita la necessità di ulteriori consultazioni e dell’applicazione delle conoscenza ottenute tramite progetti di archeologia sperimentale, in particolare in connessione alla ricostruzione del funzionamento delle fornaci e alla tecnologia di cottura della ceramica antica. Ispirati da tali premesse e dalla sida postaci dalla costruzione della replica di una delle fornaci rinvenute a Crikvenica, una delle sezioni del secondo Colloquio, tenutosi nel 2011, è stata dedicata appunto ai problemi nella ricerca sugli aspetti tecnologici del funzionamento delle fornaci e sulla modellazione degli oggetti. Durante il convegno, all’interno della replica della fornace di Crikvenica, è stata svolta una cottura sperimentale di oggetti ceramici, di modo da poter condividere con i rinomati colleghi, specialisti per la ceramica antica e le fornaci, l’esperienza diretta dei risultati sperimentali. In questa seconda edizione degli Atti, accanto ai testi dedicati alla ceramologia e alle oficine ceramiche e del vetro romane, viene pubblicata anche una serie di testi scaturiti da diversi progetti di archeologia sperimentale. Nella convinzione che i contributi di questi Atti scaturiranno lo stesso interesse scientiico e professionale di quelli del numero precedente, ringraziamo ancora una volta tutti i colleghi per il loro contributo, nonché il Comitato scientiico del Colloquio e il Comitato scientiico di redazione degli Atti, che con la propria partecipazione hanno dato un importante stimolo al nostro comune lavoro. Gli Atti vengono pubblicati all’interno della nuova collana dell’Istituto di archeologia denominata Zbornik Instituta za arheologiju/Serta Instituti Archaeologici ZIA/SIA (Atti dell’Istituto di archeologia) come volume 2 e con l’approvazione del Museo Civico di Crikvenica, per la quale porgiamo i nostri ringraziamenti. Alla ine di queste righe introduttive, vogliamo porgere i nostri più sentiti ringraziamenti alla Città di Crikvnica, sottilineando il suo ruolo nell’assicurarci i mezzi inanziari per la stampa degli Atti. Goranka Lipovac Vrkljan Distinguished ladies and gentlemen It represents a great pleasure for several reasons to write a few introductory words on behalf of the Editorial Board in the occasion of the publication of the proceedings of the 2nd International Colloquium on Roman Pottery and Glass Manufactures in the Adriatic region, held in Crikvenica from 28th to 29th October 2011. The irst reason lies in the fact of its publication. Thanks to the scientiic interest of the authors, their efforts and understanding, this year we have managed to maintain the continuity of the publication of papers from our triennial Colloquium. An exceptionally large number of responses and interest from international reviewers, just as the high level of scientiic peer-reviewed articles, is an additional motivation and satisfaction for the release of the second Proceedings. The above reasons for our pleasure would not be visible to the scientiic community and all interested professionals without the support of institutions that are directly involved in the whole process of Proceedings publication. Although it is common that appreciations come at the end of introductory words, on this occasion we have made an exception by expressing right at the beginning our gratitude to the Crikvenica Town Museum and the City of Crikvenica for recognizing the importance of publishing this proceedings, whose subject matter contributes to the understanding of ancient culture as the basis of European heritage, as well as for their inancial support. The same gratitude goes to the Ministry of Science, Education and Sports, the Ministry of Culture, the Croatian Science Foundation and our mother institution, the Institute of Archaeology. Many years of research at the pottery workshop in Crikvenica were carried out within the Institute of Archaeology research project "Northern Croatian coast in the context of the ancient defence system" that lasted until the end of 2013. This project created the preconditions for Crikvenica to become a scientiic centre for occasional gatherings of international and local archaeologists and other experts to address topics of ancient production workshops. The idea of sharing scientiic thoughts on the multi-layered aspects of pottery and glass workshops, their spatial conception, the reconstruction of production technology, trade and use of goods, stemmed primarily from the need to understand all the participants in this complex and dynamic process, particularly within the area of the Adriatic and the Mediterranean landscape as the centre and the source of numerous workshops and commercial communication routes. After the irst Colloquium in Crikvenica in 2008 and the conclusions that arose from the discussion on the level of knowledge and understanding of the development of production technology, there was the need for additional consulting and implementation of experience and knowledge gained through experimental projects. Especially those related to reconstruction of pottery kilns and technology of iring of ancient pottery. Inspired by this fact and the challenge of building a replica of a Roman pottery kiln discovered in Crikvenica’s manufacturing complex, one of the sections of the second Colloquium in in 2011 was dedicated to the problems of research of certain aspects of the technology of kiln iring and pottery shaping. During the Colloquium, an experimental iring of pottery in the replica kiln was conducted with the goal to share a direct experience of experimental irings with renowned colleagues, experts in ancient pottery and workshops. In this second issue of the Proceedings, with texts from the ield of ancient ceramology and Roman pottery and glass workshops, we also published papers reporting on experimental archaeology projects. We believe that the papers of the Proceedings will encounter the same scientiic and professional attention as the papers published in the irst issue. In this faith we thank once again all colleagues for their contributions, the Scientiic Committee of the colloquium as well as the Scientiic editorial board of the Proceedings whose participation provides a signiicant boost to our common work. The Proceeding is published as the 2nd volume of the new Institute of Archaeology’s series Zbornik Instituta za arheologiju/Serta Instituti Archaeologici ZIA/SIA (Proceedings of the Institute of Archaeology) with the authorisation of the Crikvenica Town Museum, on which we express our gratitude. Finally, at the end of these introductory words, we would like to stress that the inancial means for the publication of this Proceedings have been granted by the City of Crikvenica, to which we are particularly grateful. Goranka Lipovac Vrkljan Eksperimentalna arheologija: Tehnologija rada rimskih peći i izrada keramičkih predmeta Archeologia sperimentale: Tecnologia di funzionamento delle fornaci romane e produzione della ceramica Experimental archaeology: The technology of Roman Kilns and Pottery production Maja Janežič, Evgen Lazar 327 Roman oil lamps discovered during archaeological research in Vičava, Ptuj Rimske svjetiljke otkrivene tijekom arheoloških istraživanja u Vičavi kraj Ptuja Maja Janežič Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia Centre for Preventive Archaeology Poljanska cesta 40 SI-1000 Ljubljana maja.janezic@zvkds.si Evgen Lazar Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia Centre for Preventive Archaeology Poljanska cesta 40 SI-1000 Ljubljana evgen.lazar@zvkds.si Original scientiic paper Izvorni znanstveni rad In this article are presented fragments of imported Firmalampen1, relief oil lamps and lamps of local production, that were found in Roman layers and pits during archaeological research of a former military building in Vičava, Ptuj in years 2010 and 2011. Most of the presented lamps are imported and dated in 1st century. Only a few of them are preserved to the extent that they are closely typologically identiiable. Fragments of relief lamps are largely represented. In the minority are lamps of local production. Archeological research, that covered approximately 750 m2 of surface, were limited to a depth that was necessary to carry out the reconstruction of military building. Foundations of the walls and pillars from Roman time were discovered along with roman street or road. In area where the entire archaeological context was excavated, remains of wooden structures were also found. Keywords: Poetovio, Vičava, Roman period, oil lamp. U ovom članku predstavljeni su ulomci uvezenih "Firmalampen", svjetiljki s reljeima i svjetiljki lokalne proizvodnje, pronađeni u rimskim slojevima i jamama tijekom arheoloških istraživanja bivšeg vojnog objekta u Vičavi kraj Ptuja tijekom 2010. i 2011. g. Većina predstavljenih svjetiljki je uvezena i datira iz 1. stoljeća. Samo nekoliko primjeraka je dovoljno sačuvano te se može pobliže tipološki odrediti. Većina nalaza su ulomci svjetiljki s reljeima, dok su svjetiljke lokalne proizvodnje manje zastupljene. Arheološka istraživanja, koja su pokrivala površinu od otprilike 750m2, bila su ograničena na dubinu potrebnu za rekonstrukciju vojnog objekta. Otkriveni su i temelji zidova i stupova iz rimskog doba, kao i rimska ulica ili cesta. Na području gdje je iskopan cijeli arheološki kontekst, pronađeni su i ostaci drvenih struktura. Ključne riječi: Poetovio, Vičava, rimsko doba, svjetiljka 1 The concept of "Firmalampen" was conceived by Fischbach in 1896, in his discussion of lamps from the Western Cemeteries in Ptuj (Istenič 1999: 149). 328 Roman oil lamps, discovered during archaeological researches in Vičava, Ptuj Fig. 1 The Roman town of Poetovio (Horvat, Dolenc-Vičič 2010: sl. 2) Sl. 1 Rimski grad Poetovio (Horvat, Dolenc-Vičić 2010: sl. 2) Archaeological research in the area of former military building (ig. 1) In year 1905, during the excavation for the foundations of military building at Vičava (ig. 2), were discovered poorly preserved remains of Roman objects and a large amount of small Roman inds (Klemenc, Saria 1936: 33). Investigation on the backyard of the military building in 1912 (Saria 1922: 204) discovered the remains of a paved street with colonnades, outlet channel and constructed objects of high quality. Fundamentals were constructed from river pebbles and brick mortar. Objects were layered in the direction of the low of river Drava. This is consistent with the hypothesis that this region represented a central part of Poetovio (Horvat et al. 2003: 161−163; Fig. 8). Same area was under excavation again in 1975. They discovered foundations of the building, constructed from river pebbles and remains of the drainage channel; small inds are dated from the second half of the 1st to the 3rd century (Tušek 1977: 25; Mikl Curk, Tušek 1985: 295−313, T 1−7). In 1992, near the military building, foundation remains of the Roman buildings and roads were discovered (Tušek 1995: 134). Between 12.10.2010 and 30.08.2011, Institute for Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia, Centre for Preventive Archaeology, conducted archaeological researches in the interior and immediate surroundings of the former military building (ig. 3). Excavations were limited to a depth that was necessary to carry out its reconstruction. Archaeological researches inside and outside of the facility, covering approximately 750 m2 of surface, were organized according to the internal spatial arrangement (9 rooms of various sizes). Only foundations of the walls and pillars were preserved. They were built from river pebbles and brick mortar. In room number 1 the remains of a Roman street or road were discovered. Both sides of the street were constrained by buildings with colonnades. Road or street was headed in the direction of southwest-northeast, it was 6 meters wide and layered perpendicular to the street, which had been discovered during research in year 1912 (Saria 1922: 204). Road and buildings had several build phases and usage applications. Within the colonnades there was not any paved walking area but only previously tapped clay surface. It is possible that under the road was a stoned cloaca or sewage, which was completely destroyed by the re-use of its building components (stones) in the Middle Ages. Maja Janežič, Evgen Lazar 329 Fig. 2 Aerial view of Ptuj, towards the northeast. Vičava and the pass between Panorama and Grajski grič. In yellow circle is the millitary building (Horvat, Dolenc-Vičič 2010: sl. 3) Sl. 2 Pogled iz zraka na Ptuj, prema sjeveroistoku. Vičava i prijevoj između Panorame i Grajskog griča. Vojni objekt označen je žutim krugom. (Horvat, Dolenc-Vičić 2010: sl.3) Fig. 3 Excavation area on the inside and on the outside of the millitary building (Janežič, Lazar 2014, in print) Sl. 3 Područje iskapanja u unutrašnjosti i izvan vojnog objekta (Janežić, Lazar 2014, u tisku) 330 Roman oil lamps, discovered during archaeological researches in Vičava, Ptuj At the north-west face of the military building two narrow streets were found, but they were not detected on the inside. It may therefore be concluded that the two were related with the larger street detected in the interior of the building. Streets, which were only 2 m wide and were situated between the walls, were paved with gravel in the same way as larger street by which they were related. Given the small inds, mainly pottery and building materials, this build phase dates after the end of the 1st and into beginning of the 2nd century. In certain areas where the entire archaeological context was excavated, under the structures and layers from the 2nd century we uncovered post-pit and prints of wooden beams, which were probably the remains of wooden buildings. Their position shows traces of such construction at both parts of excavated area, so we assume that the wooden phase of a Roman settlement in Vičava spread throughout the entire explored area. Most expressive remains of this phase were excavated in the northeastern part of the building, where they were express markings of the wooden beams, which were held at right angles to each other and belonged to the object, whose function could not be determined. Similar, but much less clear and expressive remaining of wooden constructions were discovered outside of the building. Small inds dated this construction phase to the irst half of the 1st century (Janežič, Lazar 2014: in print). Oil lamps Approximately 38 thousand different fragments of pottery, glass, metal, bones, were found in this archaeological research. Processing of the material is still ongoing. Of these, 160 fragments are from oil lamps, one is from bronze, and all others are from pottery. This represents approximately half percent of all inds. All 160 fragments of oil lamps were found in Roman structures and medieval illings incurred as a robbing result of the stoned walls for construction re-use in the Middle Ages. All material including fragments of oil lamps are from Roman Ages. Typological determination is made on all 160 fragments and macroscopic technological processing on 159 of them. 39 fragments are presented in catalogue, but other 121 fragments are less preserved, so they are too small for reconstruc- tion drawing. Not a single lamp is preserved in its entirety. Macroscopic analysis of the oil lamps is made from already established fabrics by J. Istenič2 (Istenič 1999: 85−90). Imported Firmalampen Among the imported Firmalampen are 58 fragments. After macroscopic analysis, all belong into the group F 10: A ine, compact fabric with moderate to coarse inclusions, similar in hardness to the paste, and with hard, ine white inclusions, which do not react with hydrochloric acid. There is little or no very ine mica. Fabric F 10 only occurs in the exceptionally high quality Firmalampen. Chemical analyses showed that the oil lamps of this group come from Modena or its environs (Istenič 1999: 89). Presented oil lamps are classiied by Loeschcke typology (Loeschcke 1919: 255−257). Among the 58 fragments of Firmalampen only 7 of them are preserved to the extent that they are closely typologicaly identiiable. Only one fragment (cat. no. 14) is deined as lamp of Loeschcke type IX (ig. 4), but the nozzle and bottom of lamp are missing. It was found in the former Roman layer, with no narrower time-identiiable material. The inds from the Magdalensberg indicate that the production of Firmalampen with a closed channel began in the Claudian period, but the main period of production and distribution was in the Flavian period (Istenič 1999: 150). Similar Firmalampen were found in the graves in Poetovio, the oldest one belonged to the period from Claudius to the beginning of the 2nd century, and the latest corresponding grave dates to the Trajanic or early Hadrianic period (Istenič 1999: 150−151). There is only one fragment (cat. no. 21) that is deined among oil lamps of Loeschcke type X. It lacks a part of nozzle, wall and bottom and was found in a Roman layer. Based on the terra sigillata and coins, it is dated to the 1st century. At the bottom of the lamp is preserved potter’s stamp TIFS. It is a well-known manufacturer of Firmalampen, Fortis. Other fragments are not speciically identiied due to poor state of preservation. They fall among Loeschcke type IX or X (cat. no. 2, 12, 24, 35, 39). Fragment from the bottom, with partially pre2 Here I express my thanks for her advices and help by determination of fabrics. Maja Janežič, Evgen Lazar 331 The last fragment of Firmalampen has only a part of the discus preserved (cat. no. 35) and was found in a layer that is, based on terra sigillata, dated from the second half of the 1st century to the irst half of the 2nd century. Fig. 4 Fragment of a Loeschchke type IX Firmalampe (photo: S. Pukšič 2014) Sl. 4 Ulomak irmalampe Loeschcke tip IX (snimio: S. Pukšić 2014) served potter’s stamp ATIM (cat. no. 39), is most likely a stamp of ATIMETI. It was found in a pit and has not got a narrower time frame. The workshop from this potter operated at around 75−125 AC, most likely in an area of northern Italy. This stamp is most common for oil lamps of Loeschcke type IX (Kirsch 2002: 25). Partially preserved stamp LVCIV on the bottom of the fragment (cat. no. 2) is a potter’s stamp of LVCIVS. It was found in a layer that is not identiiable in narrower time. This stamp appears only on oil lamps of Loeschke type X. The workshop of this potter was located in the area of upper Italy from the 2nd and the 3rd century (Alram Stern 1989: 76). Firmalampe with this stamp is of Buchi type Xa and is known from Poetovio from the grave 31, which is dated to the end of the 1st and the beginning of the 2nd century (Istenič 2000: 27). The fragment from the bottom of Firmalampe, which has the potter’s stamp PHOETASPI (cat. no. 12) was found in Roman layer, along with no narrower time identiiable material. Workshop of this potter already operated in 1st century. The stamp appears only on the oil lamps of Loeschcke type IX (Loeschcke 1919: 286). One bottom fragment of Firmalampe (cat. no. 24) has a sign of the potter, consisting of three concentric circles. It was found in a former Roman layer, and based on terra sigillata and coins it is dated to the 1st century. Imported relief lamps Among presented oil lamps, the most numerous are those with reliefs. There are 93 fragments of them, of which 29 are presented in the catalogue. Due to fragmentation the most precise typological deinition is not possible. According to macroscopic analysis they belong to the fabrics F 12 and F 12*. Properties of the fabric F 12: a ine, dense fabric with a metallic ring. No mica or other inclusions are visible. This fabric is conined to thin- walled, high-quality volute lamps and has a slip, which usually adheres well to the surface. They most likely originated from Italy (Istenič 1999 89−90). Properties of the fabric F 12 *: a ine fabric with a dusty or slightly soapy, smooth to slightly rough surface. Sparse, ine mica fragments are visible, as well as sparse, medium to coarse, soft brownred fragments. This group is represented amongst the high quality volute-lamps, where the slip is very poorly preserved. It seems to be identical or similar to Fabric F 12, but appears different only because of the poor preservation of the slip. Its similarity to F 12 suggests that it is of similar origin. (Istenič 1999: 90). Among treated relief lamps only two of them are certainly identiied to Loeschcke type I B. This type already appears in the Tiberian period, and transition to the type I C comes in the Claudian period. Long-time periods are represented by both types at the same time (Alram Stern 1989: 26−27). The diversity of decoration is richest on this type (Goethert 1997: 47). One fragment (cat. no. 10) has only a part of the nozzle and discus preserved, but decoration is not visible. It was found in a Roman layer, and on the basis of coins and terra sigillata it is dated from the second half of the 1st century to the irst half of the 2nd century. Next oil lamp is one of the few that is almost completely preserved (cat. no. 16). It lacks only a part of the nozzle. On the discus is a decoration of a competitor on a biga (ig. 5). This motive belongs to the popular series of decorations from the 332 Roman oil lamps, discovered during archaeological researches in Vičava, Ptuj Fig. 6 Fragment of a relief lamp with shell (photo: S. Pukšič 2014) Sl. 6 Ulomak svjetiljke s reljefom s školjkom (snimio: S. Pukšić 2014) Fig. 5 Relief lamp of a Loeschcke type I B (photo: S. Pukšič 2014) Sl. 5 Svjetiljka s reljefom Loeschcke tip I B (snimio: S. Pukšić 2014) amphitheater and the circus. At the bottom are two engraved lines that represent a sign of the potter. It was found in a Roman layer, which is, based on terra sigillata pottery, dated to the middle of 1st century. The following two relief lamps do not have nozzles preserved (cat. no. 30, 34) and it is not clear whether they are Loeschcke type I A or IV. Between Loeschcke type I variations, I A variation is the oldest and it is dated in late Augustan period and in the 3rd century (Alram Stern 1989: 26). Loeschcke type IV occurs in the Tiberian period and disappears at the end of the 1st century (Alram Stern 1989: 30). Loeschcke type I or IV relief lamp, with a rosette with 20 leaves (cat. no. 34), was found in a Roman layer. Based on the coins and terra sigillata pottery it is dated to the irst half of the 1st century. Representation of a multi-blade rosette is common on Loeschcke type I A (Goethert 1997: 42). Next relief lamp, Loeschcke type I A or IV (ig. 6), is decorated with nine-leaved shell (cat. no. 30). It was found in a Roman layer, which is, based on terra sigillata pottery, dated to the middle of the 1st century. Decoration of shells was very popular in the 1st century. The way of the decoration, which is used in this oil lamp, is typical for an earlier Loeschcke type I A, particularly in the area of Italy (Goethert 1997: 47). Among Loeschcke type III belongs fragment of a holder (cat. no. 31), which was found in the Roman layer. Based on terra sigillata pottery it is dated to the middle of the 1st century. This type of oil lamp and its variants arise from the Augustan period throughout the 3rd century (Alram Stern 1989: 32). Among Loeschcke type VIII belongs one fragment (cat. no. 26), which is decorated with concentric circles on the discus and most likely has the nozzle type L 1. It lacks the bottom and a part of wall. It was found in layer, which is, based on terra sigillata pottery, dated to the middle of the 1st century. This type of oil lamp was in the 1st century extended throughout the entire Roman Empire, but it disappeared north of the Alps in 2nd century. In the 4th century it still appeared in Italy and in the eastern and western provinces (Alram Stern 1989: 35). 22 fragments of relief lamps, mostly discuses, which are presented in the catalog, are not typologically identiiable. Four fragments have decoration from animal world. One fragment (cat. no. 38) has a deer facing to the right. It was found in a Roman layer, and based on terra sigillata pottery, it is dated to the middle of the 1st century. The motive appears Maja Janežič, Evgen Lazar on oil lamps of Loeschcke type I A, I B and IV and is dated to the 1st and 2nd century (Kirsch 2002: 184). On the next fragment (cat. no. 7) there is probably a motive of the ight of a snake and a crocodile. It was found in the layer without narrower time-frame. It is the motive that was especially widespread in the area of Pannonia and occurs only on Loeschcke type I C, dating from the Flavian period and into the 2nd century (Alram Stern 1989: 99−100). On the fragment of the discus (cat. no. 27), is the decoration of a lion facing left. It was found in a layer that is, based on terra sigillata pottery, dated to the middle of the 1st century. It has common motive, which appears on the oil lamp of Loeschcke type I, IV and VIII. This kind of motive is dated from the second third of the 1st century to the beginning of the 2nd century (Kirsch 2002: 185). On the last fragment with animal motive (cat. no. 15) there is only a tail visible. Most likely it is a horse or a dog. Only a small part of the discus is preserved, along with walls and bottom. At the bottom of the lamp there is a visible sign from potter in the form of a letter T. The lamp was found in a layer that is dated from the irst half of the 1st and into the 2nd century, according to coins and terra sigillata pottery. The tail is similar to the decoration of a dog with a collar on the lamp of Loeschcke type I B from Aquileia, which also has the same proiling of the shoulder (Di Philippo Balestrazzi 1988: 134, Tav. 48: 276). Three oil lamp fragments are decorated with portraits of gladiators. One fragment of the discus (cat. no. 22) was found in a layer, dated on the basis of coins and terra sigillata pottery, to the 1st century. It is most likely decorated with a ight of two gladiators and there is also a partial inscription preserved: SPI. Potters liked to portray successful gladiators and their names (Goethert 1997: 54). Motive like gladiator ights are known from the Loeschcke type IA and IV and are dated to the irst half of the 1st century (Alram Stern 1989: 94). Next two fragments have a portrait from a single gladiator. On the fragment of the discus (cat. no. 37), are visible parts of the torso, right arm with sword and left leg. The fragment is, based on the terra sigillata pottery and coins, dated to the irst half of the 1st century. A similar portrait is known from Trier, and can be seen on the Loeschcke type I B, III and IV (Goethert Polascheck 1985: 226). 333 Also, the next fragment is decorated (cat. no. 19) with a portrait of a gladiator, who is facing to the right. It was found in a Roman layer, which did not contain any narrower time-date declarative material. Among mythological motives there are two of them represented. On one fragment of the discus is a portrait of Mercury, holding caduceus in his left arm (cat. no. 29). Layer, in which it is found, is on the basis of terra sigillata pottery dated to the middle of the 1st century. A similar motive is on a lamp of Loeschcke type IV, which is dated to the last third of the 1st century (Kirsch 2002: 165). Second discus fragment has a motive of a kneeling Amor (cat. no. 17). Fragment was found in a layer that is dated in the middle of the 1st century to the irst half of the 2nd century, based on terra sigillata pottery. A similar decoration is known from the lamp of Loeschcke type I from Sisak and it is dated from the 1st and throughout the 2nd century (Vikić Belančič 1975: 136). Floral ornamentation (ig. 7) is on a fragment of the discus (cat. no. 28), which was, found in a layer that is dated to the middle of the 1st century. It is a common decoration for all types of relief oil lamps (Kirsch 2002: 191). The next fragment of the discus is decorated with a rosette (cat. no. 6) and has been found in the pit, which is, based on terra sigillata pottery, dated to the second half of the 2nd century. Following fragment of the discus is decorated with interesting inscription and motive (cat. no. 9) and it is dated from the second half of the 1st to the irst half of the 2nd century, based on terra sigillata pottery and coins. Part of the plant with inscription is visible: VIN. The complete inscription says: PAVPERIS. CENA. PANE. VINV. RADIC. Oil lamp with such inscription and a motive of a basket in which there is a jug, bread and radish, was found in the grave from Poetovio. Oil lamp is a Loeschcke type IB/C, and grave is dated from the second half of the 1st century/Flavian period to the middle of the 2nd century (Istenič 2000: T. 87: 6). Erotic scene is decorated on one fragment (cat. no. 36), which was found in the Roman layer, but without narrower time-frame. A similar motive appears on the oil lamp of Loeschcke type IA, IB and IV (Goethert Polaschek 1985: 238). The following fragment of oil lamp has preserved 334 Roman oil lamps, discovered during archaeological researches in Vičava, Ptuj of the 2nd century. Last fragment among the relief lamps (cat. no. 11) has only a part of the discus and the nozzle with visible hole for oil preserved. It was found in the layer, which is, based on the terra sigillata pottery, dated to the middle of the 1st century. Fig. 7 Fragment of a relief lamp (photo: S. Pukšič 2014) Sl. 7 Ulomak svjetiljke s reljefom (snimio: S. Pukšić 2014) two opposite-placed nozzles (ig. 8) and two holes for oil (cat. no. 23). It was found in layer, which is based on coins and terra sigillata pottery, dated to the 1st century. A similar oil lamp is known from Aquileian Museum and deined as Loeschcke type III (Di Philippo Balestrazzi 1988: 143). Oil lamp fragment (cat. no. 25), which is decorated with an egg frieze on the shoulder, was found in a layer dated to the middle of the 1st century, on the basis of terra sigillata pottery. A similar oil lamp is known from Osijek, and is a Loeschcke type I B or I C (Ivany 1935: 10; 1935: T. XIV: 8). Motives from two discus fragments (cat. no. 32, 33) are not known. They were found in layers, which are, based on terra sigillata, dated to the 1st century. Part of the shoulder, the bottom and nozzle has been preserved from two fragments (cat. no. 5, 20), but they cannot be typologically identiiable. They were found in the Roman layer, which is not narrower time- identiiable. Bottom and the wall are preserved from the next fragments. Two of them (cat. no. 4, 18) have the potter’s sign at the bottom. Fragment with the cat. no. 4 was found in the Roman layer, which is, based on terra sigillata pottery, dated to the second half of the 1st century, but fragment with cat. no. 18 is not narrower in time identiiable. On the third fragment there is a planta pedis stamp on the bottom (cat. no. 8), which is unfortunately unreadable. It was found in a layer that is, based on the coins and terra sigillata pottery, dated from the second half of the 1st century, to the irst half Oil lamps of local production Among the oil lamps from workshops of Poetovio, there are only 8 fragments, two of them are presented in the catalog. According to macroscopic analysis they belong to the fabric F 7: It had been ired in an oxidizing atmosphere and contains moderate sparkling mica and moderately dense red - brown rounded porous inclusions, which are softer than the surrounding fabric. Chemical and mineralogical analyses conirmed that Fabric F 7 is local (Istenič 1999: 88). Fragment of a lamp (cat. no. 3) has a foot-ring and two nozzles preserved (ig. 9) and each nozzle has three holes for air. Compared with the other oil lamps it is very large, preserved length is 20,6 cm. It was found in the Roman layer, which Fig. 8 Fragment of a relief lamp with two nozzles (photo: S. Pukšič 2014) Sl. 8 Ulomak svjetiljke s reljefom s dva nosa (snimio: S. Pukšić 2014) 335 Maja Janežič, Evgen Lazar Bronze oil lamp Among the oil lamp is also one made of bronze (cat. no. 13), which has no sharp transition from larger to a smaller part. It was found in a layer, which is, based on coins, dated to the late 1st century. According to the form it is similar to the oil lamp of Loeschcke type XXIV C, which is made from iron (Loeschcke 1919: 460). Conclusion Fig. 9 Fragment of a locally produced relief lamp with two nozzles (photo: S. Pukšič 2014) Sl. 9 Ulomak lokalno proizvedene svjetiljke s reljefom s dva nosa (snimio: S. Pukšić 2014) unfortunately is not narrowly time-identiiable. Most likely it is a copy of bronze oil lamp, based on the shape similarity (Ivany 1935: T. LIX: 4; T. LX: 1; T. LXIV: 3). There are also similarities to pottery lamps, and one of them is from Carnuntum. This one is typologically classiied as Loeschcke type III and dated from the 2nd to 3rd century (Alram Stern 1989: 32; Taf. 22: 102). Another similar lamp is known from Singidunum and dated from the late 2nd century to the beginning of the 3rd century (Krunić 2005: 64). Second fragment of local production (cat. no. 1) has a part of the bottom, walls, discus and the handle preserved. Edge of the discus is decorated with nipples, which are lined in two rows and between of them is impression of an incorrect circle. It was found in the Roman layer, which is not narrowly time-identiiable. For oil lamps of late Roman production is typical that nipple decorations are strung in the three or four rows (Schäfer, 1990: 56). Presented oil lamp is probably from an earlier period, more similar to the oil lamp from Sisak, which belongs to the type VII by Ivany (1935: T. XXVIII: 7) and is dated to the 1st century (Ivany 1935: 12−13). From the excavations in 2010 and 2011 in the area of Vičava in the former Roman town Poetovio there were 160 fragments of oil lamps found, of which 159 are ceramic, and one is bronze. Due to fragmentation, only few of them are precisely typologically identiiable. Imported relief lamps dominate, followed by imported Firmalampen. Oil lamps of the local origin are least represent (only 8 fragments). Most of the presented oil lamps are found in the 1st century Roman layers, which is a subject to a smaller number of locally manufactured oil lamps, that emerged in the 2nd century. Catalogue 1 SU 0009 (stratigraphic unit) (Pl. 1). Fragment of a lamp with handle. Decor: nipples. Fabric: F7, color: 7.5YR 7/6 - reddish yellow, slip: 5YR 5/8 yellowish red, hardness: 3. Dimensions: 4,5 x 7,3 cm. 2 SU 0019 (Pl. 1). Fragment from the bottom of a Firmalampe. Stamp: LVCIV (LVCIVS). Fabric: F10, color: 2.5YR 6/6 - light red, hardness: 3. Dimensions: 4,2 x 4,0 cm. 3 SU 0245 (Pl. 1). Discus fragment from a lamp with two nozzles. Fabric: F7, color: 5YR 7/6 - reddish yellow, hardness: 3. Dimensions: 21,4 x 19,0 cm. 4 SU 0283 (Pl. 2). Fragment from the bottom of a relief lamp. On the bottom there is a stamp from the potter. Fabric: F12, color: 10YR 8/3 - very pale brown, slip: 5YR 5/4 - reddish brown, hardness: 3. Dating of the SU: second half of the 1st century. Dimensions: 4,2 x 4,0 cm. 5 SU 0286 (Pl. 2). Fragment of a relief lamp. Fabric: F12, color: 7.5YR 8/4 - pink, slip: 5YR 5/8 yellowish red, hardness: 3. Dimensions: 8,3 x 4,8 cm. 6 SU 0317 (Pl. 2). Fragment of a relief lamp. Decor: rosette. Fabric: F12, color: 7.5YR 8/3 - yellowish red, slip: 5YR 5/6 - red, hardness: 3. Dating of the SU: second half of the 1st century. Dimensions: 6,3 x 2,9 cm. 336 Roman oil lamps, discovered during archaeological researches in Vičava, Ptuj 7 SU 0528 (Pl. 2). Fragment of a relief lamp. Decor: snake ighting a crocodile. Fabric: F12, color: 10YR 8/3 - very pale brown, slip: 2.5YR 5/6 - red, hardness: 3. Dimensions: 3,0 x 4,2 cm. 8 SU 0578 (Pl. 2). Fragment of a relief lamp. On the bottom there is a planta pedis stamp. Fabric: F12, color: 7.5YR 7/4 - pink, slip: 2.5YR 5/6 - red, hardness: 3. Dating of the SU: second half of the 1st century-irst half of the 2nd century. Dimensions: 7,2 x 4,7 cm. 9 SU 0578 (Pl. 2). Fragment of a relief lamp. Decor: basket with a lagon, bread and a radish, bordered with the inscription: VINV (PAVPERIS. CENA. PANE. VINV. RADIC). Fabric: F12, color: 10YR 8/4 - very pale brown, slip: 7.5YR 5/4 brown, hardness: 3. Dating of the SU: second half of the 1st century-irst half of the 2nd century. Dimensions: 4,2 x 3,8 cm. 10 SU 0632 (Pl. 2). Fragment of a relief lamp. Fabric: F12, color: 7.5YR 7/4 - pink, slip: 5YR 5/8 - yellowish red, hardness: 3. Dating of the SU: second half of the 1st century-irst half of the 2nd century. Dimensions: 3,9 x 4,1 cm. 11 SU 0771 (Pl. 2). Fragment of a relief lamp. Fabric: F12, color: 7.5YR 7/4 - pink, slip: 2.5YR 6/8 - light red, hardness: 3. Dating of the SU: middle of the 1st century. Dimensions: 4,9 x 6,5 cm. 12 SU 0808 (Pl. 2). Fragment of a Firmalampe. Stamp: PHOETASPI. Fabric: F10, color: 2.5YR 6/6 - light red, hardness: 3. Dimensions: 4,8 x 4,5 cm. 13 SU 0934 (Pl. 3). Bronze lamp. Dating of the SU: end of the 1st century. Dimensions: 14,5 x 9,4 cm. 14 SU 0994 (Pl. 3). Fragment of a Firmalampe. Fabric: F10, color: 2.5YR 5/6 - red, hardness: 3. Dimensions: 7,1 x 6,9 cm. 15 SU 1010 (Pl. 3). Fragment of a relief lamp. Decor: an animal, most probably a dog. On the bottom there is a letter T, which is a sign of the potter. Fabric: F12, color: 7.5YR 8/3 - pink, slip: 5YR 6/6 reddish yellow, hardness: 3. Dating of the SU: second half of the 1st century-irst half of the 2nd century. Dimensions: 8,2 x 6,8 cm. 16 SU 1273 (Pl. 3). Fragment of a relief lamp. Decor: contestant on the biga. Fabric: F12, color: 7.5YR 8/4 - pink, slip: 2.5YR 5/6 - red, hardness: 3. Dating of the SU: middle of the 1st century. Dimensions: 9,8 x 7,8 cm. 17 SU 1301 (Pl. 3). Fragment of a relief lamp. Decor: kneeling Amor. Fabric: F12, color: 7.5YR 7/4 - pink, slip: 2.5YR 5/6 - red, hardness: 3. Dating of the SU: middle of the 1st century-irst half of the 2nd century. Dimensions: 7,0 x 4,5 cm. 18 SU 1359 (Pl. 3). Fragment of a relief lamp. On the bottom there is a sign from the potter. Fabric: F12, color: 7.5YR 7/6 - reddish yellow, slip: 2.5YR 5/6 - red, hardness: 2. Dimensions: 5,1 x 3,3 cm. 19 SU 1430 (Pl. 3). Fragment of a relief lamp. Decor: gladiator. Fabric: F12, color: 10YR 8/2 - very pale brown, slip: 7.5YR 4/1 - dark gray, hardness: 3. Dimensions: 4,6 x 3,3 cm. 20 SU 1435 (Pl. 4). Fragment of a relief lamp. Fabric: F12, color: 7.5YR 7/6 - reddish yellow, slip: 5YR 5/6 - yellowish red, hardness: 3. Dimensions: 8,0 x 6,0 cm. 21 SU 1469 (Pl. 4). Fragment of a Firmalampe. Stamp: TISF (FORTISF). Fabric: F10, color: 5YR 6/8 - reddish yellow, hardness: 3. Dating of the SU: 1. century. Dimensions: 8,3 x 7,1 cm. 22 SU 1469 (Pl. 4). Fragment of a relief lamp. Decor: battle of gladiators, bordered with the inscription: SPI. Fabric: F12, color: 7.5YR 7/4 - pink, slip: 2.5YR 5/6 - red, hardness: 3. Dating of the SU: 1st century. Dimensions: 7,7 x 4,5 cm. 23 SU 1469 (Pl. 4). Fragment of a relief lamp with two nozzles. Fabric: F12*, color: 7.5YR 8/4 - pink, slip: 2.5YR 6/6 - light red, hardness: 2. Dating of the SU: 1st century. Dimensions: 9,5 x 4,3 cm. 24 SU 1469 (Pl. 4). Fragment of a Firmalampe. On the bottom there is a sign from the potter: three concentric circles. Fabric: F10, color: 5YR 7/6 - reddish yellow, slip: 5YR 5/8 - yellowish red, hardness: 3. Dating of the SU: 1st century. Dimensions: 9,4 x 3,8 cm. 25 SU 1483 (Pl. 4). Fragment of a relief lamp. Decor: egg frieze on the shoulder. Fabric: F12, color: 7.5YR 7/4 - pink, slip: 5YR 4/2 - dark reddish gray, hardness: 3. Dating of the SU: middle of the 1st century. Dimensions: 7,3 x 3,0 cm. 26 SU 1483 (Pl. 4). Fragment of a relief lamp. Decor: concentric circles on the discus. Fabric: F12, color: 7.5YR 8/4 - pink, slip: 5YR 6/4 - light reddish brown, hardness: 3. Tip: Dating of the SU: middle of the 1st century. Dimensions: 5,0 x 4,7 cm. 27 SU 1485 (Pl. 4). Fragment of a relief lamp. Decor: a lion to the left. Fabric: F12, color: 5YR 7/6 - reddish yellow, slip: 2.5YR 5/8 - red, hardness: 3. Dating of the SU: middle of the 1st century. Dimensions: 2,4 x 2,0 cm. Maja Janežič, Evgen Lazar 28 SU 1485 (Pl. 4). Fragment of a relief lamp. Decor: two branches arranged in a wreath-like formation. Fabric: F12, color: 7.5YR 8/4 - pink, slip: 5YR 5/6 - yellowish red, hardness: 3. Dating of the SU: middle of the 1st century. Dimensions: 5,2 x 7,0 cm. 29 SU 1485 (Pl. 5). Fragment of a relief lamp. Decor: portrait of Mercury. Fabric: F12, color: 10YR 7/4 - very pale brown, slip: 10YR 5/6 - yellowish brown, hardness: 3. Dating of the SU: middle of the 1st century. Dimensions: 3,4 x 5,7 cm. 30 SU 1485 (Pl. 5). Fragment of a relief lamp. Decor: shell. Fabric: F12*, color: 10YR 7/4 - very pale brown, slip: 5YR 5/6 - yellowish red, hardness: 2. Dating of the SU: middle of the 1st century. Dimensions: 7,5 x 7,1 cm. 31 SU 1492 (Pl. 5). Fragment of a handle from a relief lamp. Fabric: F12, color: 5YR 7/4 - pink, slip: 5YR 4/6 - yellowish red, hardness: 3. Dating of the SU: middle of the 1st century. Dimensions: 1,9 x 3,5 cm. 32 SU 1502 (Pl. 5). Fragment of a relief lamp. Decor: unrecognizable. Fabric: F12, color: 10YR 7/4 - very pale brown, slip: 5YR 5/6 - yellowish red, hardness: 3. Dating of the SU: middle of the 1st century. Dimensions: 2,2 x 4,5 cm. 33 SU 1502 (Pl. 5). Fragment of a relief lamp. Decor: unrecognizable. Fabric: F12, color: 7.5YR 7/4 - pink, slip: 2.5YR 5/6 - red, hardness: 3. Dating of the SU: middle of the 1st century. Dimensions: 2,8 x 2,8 cm. 34 SU 1503 (Pl. 5). Fragment of a relief lamp. Decor: rosette. Fabric: F12, color: 7.5YR 8/3 - pink, slip: 5YR 6/6 - reddish yellow, hardness: 3. Dating of the SU: irst half of the 1st century. Dimensions: 9,8 x 7,8 cm. 35 SU 1517 (Pl. 5). Fragment of a Firmalampe. Fabric: F10, color: 2.5YR 6/2 - light red, hardness: 3. Dating of the SU: second half of the 1st century-irst half of the 2nd century. Dimensions: 4,9 x 4,7 cm. 36 SU 1556 (Pl. 5). Fragment of a relief lamp. Decor: erotic scene. Fabric: F12, color: 10YR 7/3 - very pale brown, slip: 10YR 4/2 - dark grayish brown, hardness: 2. Dimensions: 3,4 x 5,1 cm. 37 SU 1592 (Pl. 5). Fragment of a relief lamp. Decor: gladiator. Fabric: F12, color: 7.5YR 8/3 - pink, slip: 2.5YR 5/6 - red, hardness: 3. Dating of the SU: irst half of the 1st century. Dimensions: 6,0 x 5,4 cm. 337 38 SU 1594 (Pl. 5). Fragment of a relief lamp. Decor: deer in the right. Fabric: F12, color: 7.5YR 7/6 - reddish yellow, slip: 2.5YR 5/4 - reddish brown, hardness: 3. Dating of the SU: middle of the 1st century. Dimensions: 3,2 x 2,7 cm. 39 No SU (Pl. 5). Fragment of a Firmalampe. Stamp: ATIM (ATIMETI). Fabric: F10, color: 7.5YR 5/2 - brown, hardness: 3. Dimensions: 4,0 x 2,7 cm. Translation: M. Janežič and S. Pukšič Bibliography: Alram Stern, E. 1989 Die römischen Lampen aus Carnuntum, Der römische Limes in Österreich 35, Wien. Di Philippo Balestrazzi, E. 1988 Lucerne del Muse odi Aquileia 2. Lucerne romane di eta repubblicana ed imperiale, Aquileia. Goethert Polascheck, K. 1985 Katalog der römischen Lampen des Rheinischen Landesmuseum Trier. Bildlampen und Sonderformen, Trier Grabungen und Forschungen, Band XV, Mainz. Goethert, K. 1997 Romischen Lampen und Leuchter. Auswahlkatalog des Rheinischen Landesmuseums Trier, Schriftenreihe des Rheinischen Landesmuseums Trier 14, Trier. Horvat, J., Lovenjak, M., Dolenc-Vičič, A., LubšinaTušek, M., Tomanič-Jevremov, M., Šubic B., Šubic, Z. 2003 Poetovio. Development and Topography, in: The Autonomous Towns of Noricum and Pannonia, Šašel Kos M., Sherrer P. (eds.), Situla 41, 153−189. Horvat, J., Dolenc Vičič, A. 2010 Arheološka najdišča Ptuja: Rabelčja vas, Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 20, Ljubljana. Istenič, J. 1999 Poetovio, zahodna grobišča I: grobne celote iz Deželnega muzeja Joanneuma v Gradcu, Katalogi in monograije 32, Ljubljana. Istenič, J. 2000 Poetovio, zahodna grobišča II: grobne celote iz Deželnega muzeja Joanneuma v Gradcu: katalog, Katalogi in monograije 33, Ljubljana. Ivanyi, D. 1935 Die pannonischen Lampen, Dissertationes pannonicae 2/2, Budapest. 338 Roman oil lamps, discovered during archaeological researches in Vičava, Ptuj Janežič, M., Lazar, E. 2014 Vojaška oprema, odkrita med arheološkimi raziskavami na območju bivše vojašnice na Ptuju (objekt 2), in: Sledovi rimske vojske na Slovenskem /Evidence of the Roman Army in Slovenia, Istenič, J., Laharnar, B., Horvat, J. (eds.), Katalogi in monograije 41, Ljubljana (in print). Mikl Curk, I., Tušek, I. 1985 O središču Poetovione, Arheološki vestnik 36, 285−314. Klemenc, J., Saria, B. 1936 Archäologische Karte von Jugoslavien: Blatt Ptuj, Beograd − Zagreb. Schäfer, S. 1990 Lampen der Antikensammlung: Auswahlkatalog, Archäologische Reihe / Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte 13, Frankfurt am Main. Kirsch, A. 2002 Antike Lampen im Landesmuseum Mainz, Mainz. Krunić, S. 2005 Pregled antičkih svetiljki Singidunuma, Singidunum 4, 45-104. Loeschcke, S. 1919 Lampen aus Vindonissa, Zürich. Saria, B. 1922 Arheološka istraživanja u oblasti starog Poetovio, Starinar 1, 3. ser., 191−208. Tušek, I. 1977 Ptuj, Vičava, Varstvo spomenikov 21, 251−252. Tušek, I. 1995 Ptuj, kasarna Dušana Kvedra, Varstvo spomenikov 35, 133−134. Sažetak Rimske svjetiljke otkrivene tijekom arheoloških istraživanja u Vičavi kraj Ptuja Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije, Center za preventivno arheologijo izvršio je zaštitno arheološko istraživanje u unutrašnjosti i neposrednoj okolici nekadašnje vojarne na Vičavi, na Ptuju, u razdoblju između 12. 10. 2010 i 30. 08. 2011. Zaradi statike objekta iskop je bio ograničen do dubine koja je bila nužna za izvedbu njegove obnove. Arheološka istraživanja unutar i izvan objekta obuhvatila su oko 750 m2 površine. Sačuvali su se temelji zidova i stupova te ostaci rimske ulice tj. ceste, koju su omeđile zgrade sa kolonadom. Cesta i ulica imale su nekoliko faza pregradnje i upotrebe. Ispod ceste se vjerojatno nalazila kamena kloaka tj. kanalizacija, koju je u potpunosti uništila ponovna upoterba građevnih elemenata (kamenja) u srednjem vijeku. S obzirom na sitne nalaze, uglavnom keramiku i građevinski materijal, ta je građevna faza mlađa od kraja 1. odnosno početka 2. stoljeća. U određenim područjima, gdje je istražen cijeli kulturni sloj, pod strukturama i slojevima iz 2. stoljeća otkriveni su otisci stupova i drvenih greda, vjerojatno ostaci drvenih objekata. Njihov položaj pokazuje tragove tih građevina na oba kraja terenskog iskopa, pa se pretpostavlja, da se drvena faza rimskog naselja Vičave nalazila na cijelom istraženom području. Sitni nalazi ovu fazu gradnje datiraju u prvu polovicu 1. stoljeća. Oko 38 tisuća različitih predmeta od ulomaka keramike, stakla, metala i kostiju pronađen je u tim arheološkim istraživanjima. Od tog broja, 160 su ulomci svjetiljki, jedna brončana, a ostale su keramičke. Među uvoznim pečatnim svjetiljkama identiicirao je 58 ulomaka, među uvoznim reljefnih svjetiljka je 93 a petovionske proizvodnje ostalih 8 ulomaka. Reljefne svjetiljke vjerojatno potječu iz Italije, također su pečatne svjetiljke uvezene iz Modene odnosno njene okolice. Većina ulomaka uvezenih svjetiljki se nalazi u slojevima, koji se datiraju u 1. stoljeće. M 1:2 1 2 3 M 1:2 4 5 7 8 10 11 6 9 12 M 1:2 13 14 15 17 16 18 19 M 1:2 22 20 21 23 26 24 27 25 28 M 1:2 30 29 32 31 33 34 35 37 36 38 39