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1995, G. Morteani & P. Northover (Eds.), Prehistoric Gold in Europe
The gold deposits of Verespatak belong to the famous 'Golden Quadrangle' (Romania). They have probably been exploited since ancient times. In order to obtain more detailed compositional information, native gold samples were analysed by WDS and NAA. The results show that the gold from Verespatak has typically very high silver contents in the order of 20-25% and also contains tellurium and other trace elements in the matrix and bound to mineral inclusions. Melting experiments under oxidizing and reducing conditions showed that copper and tellurium contained in the gold were hardly affected. Thus copper contents of up to 0.4% and tellurium contents of up to 0.2% can occur in this gold type. Such high tellurium contents have so far not been found in prehistoric gold objects from the region.
NATO ASI Series E Applied Sciences-Advanced Study Institute
The composition of gold from the ancient mining district of Verespatak/Rosia Montana, Romania1995 •
Author: Hauptmann, A.; Rehren, Thilo; Pernicka, Ernst Editor: Northover, Jeremy Peter; Morteani, Giulio Title Article/Chapter: The composition of gold from the ancient mining district of Verespatak/Rosia Montana, Romania" Title of Source: Prehistoric gold in Europe: mines, metallurgy, and manufacture Title of Series: NATO ASI series. Series E, Applied sciences (vol. ...
Carpathian Journal of …
The geochemical signature of native gold from Roşia Montană and Musariu ore deposits, Metaliferi Mts (Romania); Preliminary data2009 •
"For the last 2000 years gold has been mined in the Southern Apuseni Mountains in Romania from both primary (hydrothermal) and secondary (river placer) deposits. The gold-bearing area covers about 900 km2 and represents the richest Au-Ag province in Europe. The ore originating from the Southern Apuseni Mountains is known as “Transylvanian gold”. The hydrothermal deposits studied here are associated with Neogene volcanism and classify as intermediate- to low-sulphidation epithermal type. We studied sixteen samples from nine occurrences, i.e., Roşia Montană, Boteş, Vâlcoi, Căraci, Musariu, Măgura, Săcărâmb, Trestia, and Techereu with electron microprobe analyses (EMPA). Three elements were identified in these samples, with the following mean values: Au – 71.13 wt%, Ag – 28.33 wt% and Te – 0.15 wt%. They vary significantly more than shown in previous studies. Composition ranges from Au-rich silver (Au0.43Ag0.57) to gold (Au0.79Ag0.21). The compositional heterogeneity is documented at various scales: within the Southern Apuseni Mountains region, within one ore deposit (e.g., Roşia Montană, Vâlcoi-Corabia) or even within a single sample (Trestia occurrence). Tellurium concentration up to 0.34 wt% is one of the highest found in Transylvanian gold. The studied gold samples outline a specific pattern with relatively high Ag and significant Te content compared with previously published data on primary gold from Southern Apuseni Mountains and various other deposits outside Romania. This pattern can be considered as typical geochemical signature for Transylvanian gold. These findings on major Transylvanian gold deposits represent sound information for further provenancing studies of ancient gold objects. The consistency of the electron microprobe data and their general availability in laboratories around the world are great advantages compared with those obtained by more sophisticated methods."
physicsegypt.org
SOME APPLICATIONS OF X-RAY BASED ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS METHODS FOR ROMANIAN GOLD MINERALS STUDIESRomanian Reports in Physics
SOME APPLICATIONS OF X-RAY BASED ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS METHODS FOR STUDIES ON ROMANIAN GOLD MINERALS2010 •
Geological characterization of native gold – primary and alluvial – is very important for gold archaeological objects authentication. The values of ratios between native gold alloy main components (Au-Ag-Cu) as well as some traces elements (Sn, Te, Sb, Hg, Pb, Platinum Group Elements – PGE) – “fingerprints” for Transylvanian mines and placers – are used to determine the provenance of ancient gold items found on Romanian territory. Two samples – polished sections – from Rosia Montana and Musariu ore deposits were investigated using complementary analytical techniques: X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), micro – Proton Induced X-Ray Emission (micro-PIXE), micro-Synchrotron Radiation induced X-Ray Fluorescence (micro - SR-XRF). Results concerning Au-Ag-Cu native alloy composition, the presence of specific trace elements as Te, Sb, Sn, but also associated minerals – quartz and metallic sulfides – are presented.
Journal of Archaeological Science
Lead isotope analyses of gold–silver ores from Roşia Montană (Romania): a first step of a metal provenance study of Roman mining activity in Alburnus Maior (Roman Dacia)2011 •
AbstrAct Using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry the content of gold, silver and copper in 7 gold breast plates dated to 5 th-4 th century BC and preserved in National Archaeological Institute with Museum to Bulgarian Academy of Sciences was determined. The concentration of gold is between 67.4 and 92.2%. The analytical results show that the investigated archaeological finds of gold are produced using gold without intentional adding of copper – in 2 samples copper concentration is below 0.001% and in other 5 is between 0.35 and 1.15%. The concentration of silver in 5 of the investigated finds is between 20.1 and 32.3%, which could be accepted as electrum. The concentration of silver in other 2 finds was 15% and 6%. The chemical composition of the investigated gold-finds from ancient Thracе was compared with the analytical data about chemical composition of known gold sources from Balkan region.
Nuclear Instruments and …
Compositional studies on Transylvanian gold nuggets: Advantages and limitations of PIXE-PIGE analysis2008 •
Nashr Bahrain Al-Dawliya Lil Kutub Al-Taba'ah Al-Khasah 2024, المنامة دلمون لنشر الكتب، الطبعة الخاصة ٢٠٢٤.
Innovative Horizons: Integrating Local Wisdom into International Tourism.Innovative Horizons: Integrating Local Wisdom into International Tourism. Nashr Bahrain Al-Dawliya Lil Kutub Al-Taba'ah Al-Khasah 2024, المنامة دلمون لنشر الكتب، الطبعة الخاصة ٢٠٢٤. This book emphasizes that successful tourism management in Indonesia depends not only on adopting global strategies but also on understanding and respecting local values. Through collaboration between the government, the tourism industry and local communities, Indonesia can create a tourism industry that is unique and highly competitive on the global stage. This book highlights that the integration of local wisdom into international tourism strategies not only enriches tourism experiences but also supports sustainability and local economic development. Innovation and collaboration are key to realizing the full potential of locally based tourism in Indonesia. This book emphasizes that the synergy between cultural preservation and tourism development can create richer and deeper experiences for tourists and bring greater economic benefits to local communities. This success depends on collaboration between government, the tourism industry and local communities. This book emphasizes that ecotourism is not just a trend but an urgent need in facing global environmental challenges. Indonesia, with its natural wealth, is in a unique position to be a leader in ecological tourism that can be an example to the world.
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