Ad ines
imperii Romani
Studia Thaddaeo Sarnowski
septuagenario ab amicis, collegis discipulisque
dedicata
varsaviae 2015
published by
Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw
Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927 Warszawa
www.archeo.uw.edu.pl
editor
Agnieszka Tomas
assistant editors
Miłosława Stępień
Tomasz Dziurdzik
graphic design
Piotr Berezowski
cover design
Agnieszka Tomas
cover photo
Michał Pisz
Copyright by Instytut Archeologii UW
ISBN 978-83-61376-46-0
Contents
9
21
23
Tadeusz Sarnowski. Curriculum vitae
Jerzy Kolendo†, Tadeusz Sarnowski. Quatuordecim lustra optime peracta
Agnieszka Tomas, Tadeusz Sarnowski in universitatem studiorum et studentium
Roman army
27
39
47
59
Yann Le Bohec, La logistique de l’armée romaine sous le Principat
Michel Reddé, he Layout of a Military Shrine in Egypt’s Eastern Desert
Tomasz Derda, Adam Łajtar, Tomasz Płóciennik, hree Lists of Soldiers on Papyrus Found
in Qasr Ibrim
Edward Dąbrowa, he Roman Army in Action in Judea (4 BCE – 66 CE)
Middle and Lower Danubian Provinces
71
81
93
105
111
117
135
141
147
151
173
Zsolt Visy, Ripa Pannonica – eine römische Flussgrenze
Ioan Piso, Les listes de centurions de Potaissa et la participation des légions daciques à la guerre
parthique de Caracalla
Doina Benea, Militärische und politische Massnahmen während der Herrschat des Kaisers Hadrian
im Südwesten der Provinz Dakien
Calin Timoc, A Fragmentary Inscription Bearing the Name Gordiana Discovered in Tibiscum (Dacia
superior)
Livio Zerbini, Les cités grecques du Pont Gauche sous Auguste
Emil Jęczmienowski, he Fortiications of the Upper Moesian Limes on the Eve of the Trajan’s
Dacian Wars
Mateusz Żmudziński, he Production of terra sigillata Potery (Local Samian Ware) in the
Middle-Danube Roman Provinces
Lucretiu Mihailescu-Bîrliba, Prosopographic Remarks on the Population of Troesmis (Lower
Moesia)
Rumen Ivanov, Valeri Stoičkov, Bricks with Stamps Discovered in the Defensive Walls of Almus
(Lower Moesia)
Michail Zahariade, he Scythian Section of Notitia Dignitatum. A Structural and Chronological
Analysis
Martin Lemke, Marsigli’s Moesia: he Limes Sites in Bulgaria as Seen in the 18th Century
Novae
195 Evgeni Paunov, he Portrait Glass phalera rom Novae Reconsidered
201 Piotr Zakrzewski, Architectural Order of the Portico in the Courtyard of the Legionary
Headquarters at Novae (Lower Moesia), in Light of Recent Discoveries
209 Pavlina Vladkova, New Data on the Cult of Iuppiter in Novae (Lower Moesia)
219 Tomasz Dziurdzik, Sacerdos legionis? Roman Army Priests in Light of a Fragmentary Inscription
rom Novae (ILNov 32 = IGLNov 51)
227 Agnieszka Tomas, Martin Lemke, he Mithraeum at Novae Revisited
249 Jerzy Żelazowski, New Examples of the Name Stamp (Sarnowski Type XXV) rom the Legionary
Fortress at Novae (Lower Moesia)
257 Agnieszka Tomas, Liber Pater or Dionysus? he Evidence of the Bacchic Cult at Novae (castra
et canabae legionis) and in its Hinterland
277 Adam Łajtar, Another Greek Inscription rom Novae (Lower Moesia) Associated with pastus
militum
289 Jerzy Kolendo†, Tomasz Kowal, Iron Components of Agricultural Tools Discovered During
Excavations at Novae: Are hey Always Ancient or Early Medieval in Date?
TAURICA
303 Bartosz Kontny, Maria Novičenkova, Spurs rom the Sanctuary at the Gurzufskoe Sedlo
in Crimea. On the Problem of Hook Spurs
325 Radosław Gawroński, Radosław Karasiewicz-Szczypiorski, he Role of Early Empire
Roman Cavalry in the Defence of Tauric Chersonesos
341 Ludmiła Kovalevskaja, he Farmhouse at Plot 363 in the Chora of Tauric Chersonesos
353 Michał Pisz, Non-destructive Archaeological Survey in the Rural Territory of Tauric Chersonesos
359 Elena Klenina, Ceramic Production of Tauric Chersonesos in the Roman Period
375 Viktoria Nessel, On Some Categories of Ceramic Tableware rom the Kadikovka-Kadikoi
Setlement (Crimea)
381 Wojciech Nowakowski, Brooches rom Balaklava-Kadykovka on Crimea (Ukraine). Season 2010
391 Danił A. Kostromičev, A Brooch rom Tauric Chersonesos with a Dedication to Sabazius
405 Radosław Karasiewicz-Szczypiorski, Adam Łukaszewicz, Language in the Private Life
of Roman Soldiers in Taurica
Varia
417 Andrzej Biernacki, Valeri Yotov, Aleksander Minčev, he Origin of the Marble of the
Architectural Elements and Details rom the Early-Christian Church at Cape Sveti Atanas near Bjala
(Bulgaria)
437 Elżbieta Jastrzębowska, Remarks on Pseudo-opus reticulatum in Warsaw
449 Marek Olszewski, Les Cadrans solaires dans les mosaïqes romaines et byzantines (Ier siècle ap. J.-C.
– IXe siècle ap. J.-C)
469 Krzysztof Jakubiak, he Last Days of Hatra: he Story Behind the City’s Downfall
Dear Professor
Dear Readers
P
rofessor Sarnowski’s interests are focused primarily on the Roman army and the archaeology of the Roman borderlands, especially the
defence systems near the lower Danube and the
Roman army presence in southern Crimea. he
idea behind this volume was to bring together
texts on various topics of interest for the Jubilant,
writen by his friends and colleagues — all academics equally fascinated by such subject mater,
as well as by his alumni and current students, as
a means to celebrate and honour this birthday
anniversary.
his scientiic interest resulted in broad contacts among various scholars from Eastern and
Western Europe. Our intention was to arrange
this book in such a way that it would express this
diversity, but also create a forum for a meeting
between the East and the West in a literal sense:
the bibliography, provided both in Cyrillic and
transliterated, is a nod to the readers, who — we
hope — will ind this useful.
It was not possible to invite all those who
would like to express their esteem and gratitude
to Professor Sarnowski. We were overwhelmed
by the amount of papers sent to us and this in
itself shows how much we all owe to Him. While
we apologize to those who were not invited, at
the same time we would like share the hope that
the next anniversary will be honoured with yet
another such book.
We would like to thank all those who participated in preparing the book and the Jubilee.
We would like to express our gratitude to the
Directors of the Institute of Archaeology, who
supported the Editors and organized the Jubilee. We should also thank Konrad Uhma, who
arranged Tabula Gratulatoria website, as well as
those who helped to prepare the Jubilee celebration: Emil Jęczmienowski, Michał Pisz, Tomasz
Dziurdzik, Anna Mech, and Piotr Zakrzewski.
Special thanks from the main editor should go to
Miłosława Stępień and Tomasz Dziurdzik, who
did a large part of the translations and editorial
work, but also to Tomasz Derda, for his advice in
typeseting and editorial consultancy, as well as
Tomasz Płóciennik and Adam Łajtar who made
valuable suggestions. A great part of the texts
were also translated or proofed by Martin Lemke,
Mariya Avramova, Lyudmila Kovalevskaja, and
Tabea Meurer. A great efort was made by Piotr
Berezowski who prepared the typeseting of the
text and the graphic design. However, most of all,
we would like to thank the Authors for their participation and patience.
his book also contains a very special text
by the late Professor Jerzy Kolendo dedicated to
Tadeusz Sarnowski (Tadeusz Sarnowski. Quatuordecim lustra optime peracta). It was dictated very
shortly before his death, as a special contribution
and expression of his admiration and respect for
the Jubilant’s academic achievements.
We hope that this volume will constitute a git
which will not receive negative reviews from You,
Dear Jubilant, but rather will serve as an expression of our gratitude and afection.
he Editors
tabula gratulatoria
Wojciech Andrzejewski
Doina Benea
Piotr Berezowski
Marzena Berutowicz
Dorota Bielińska
Piotr Bieliński
Andrzej Biernacki
Mirosław Blicharski
Yann Le Bohec
Karolina Bugajska
Andrzej Buko
Gerda von Bülow
Roksana Chowaniec
Adam Cieśliński
Renata Ciołek
Maciej Czapski
Patrycja Czarnocka-Dzun
Edward Dąbrowa
Michał Dąbski
Tomasz Derda
Marta Domańska
Krzysztof Domżalski
Michał Duch
Piotr Dyczek
Dorota Dzierzbicka
Tomasz Dziurdzik
Mikołaj Gałązkiewicz
Radosław Gawroński
Ewgenia Genčeva
Witold Gumiński
Marcin Iwankiewicz
Rumen T. Ivanov
Krzysztof Jakubiak
Paweł Janik
Elżbieta Jastrzębowska
Piotr Jaworski
Emil Jęczmienowski
Barbara Kaim
Joanna Kalaga
Jakub Kaniszewski
Radosław Karasiewicz-Szczypiorski
Paweł Karbarz
Elena Klenina
Bartosz Kontny
Danil A. Kostromičev
Ludmila Kovalevska
Tomasz Kowal
Oskar Kubrak
Martin Lemke
Kazimierz Lewartowski
Adam Łajtar
Dorota Ławecka
Marcin Łukaniewicz
Adam Łukaszewicz
Marzena Łuszczewska
Wiesław Małkowski
Florian Matei-Popescu
Bartosz Matuszewski
Ryszard F. Mazurowski
Lucretiu Mihailescu-Bîrliba
Aleksander Minčev
Krzysztof Misiewicz
Jerzy Miziołek
Jolanta Młynarczyk
Iwona Modrzewska-Pianeti
Monika Muszyńska
Karol Myśliwiec
Eduard Nemeth
Vika Nessel
Andrzej Niwiński
Maria Novičenkova
Tomasz Nowakiewicz
Magdalena Nowakowska
Wojciech Nowakowski
Andrzej Olsienkiewicz
Marek T. Olszewski
Radu Oţa
Krzysztof Pakuła
Ewdoksia Papuci-Władyka
Evgeni I. Paunov
Ioan Piso
Michał Pisz
Joanna Pisz
Tomasz Płóciennik
Andrew G. Poulter
Michel Reddé
Monika Rekowska
Andrzej Rokoszewski
Witor Rutkowski
Teodozja Rzeuska
Ivo Sabljak
Michael Sailer
Marjeta Šašel-Kos
Tomasz Scholl
Siegmar von Schnurbein
Małgorzata Siennicka
Małgorzata Sołek
Arkadiusz Sołtysiak
Michał Starski
Zbigniew Stasiak
Teresa Stawiarska
Franciszek M. Stępniowski
Valeri Stoičkov
Karl Strobel
Paulina Szulist
Călin Timoc
Barbara Tkaczow
Agnieszka Tomas
Konrad Uhma
Agata Ulanowska
Lyudmil Vagalinski
Zsolt Visy
Pavlina Vladkova
Magdalena Warowna
Monika Wesołowska
Tomasz Więcek
Wiesław Więckowski
Ewa Wipszycka
George Yacoub
Valeri Yotov
Mihail Zahariade
Piotr Zakrzewski
Livio Zerbini
Dobrochna Zielińska
Jerzy Żelazowski
Mateusz Żmudziński
Marta Żuchowska
a portrait glass phalera from novae reconsidered
A Portrait Glass phalera
from Novae Reconsidered*
.
B
esides the conclusive evidence of early
Roman coin inds from Novae discussed
elsewhere,1 another single ind of the Julio-Claudian period atracts particular atention and consideration. his particular piece is a fragment of
a military medallion (phalera) cast in blue glass,
with preserved dimensions 2.5 × 2.5 cm, thickness
0.7 cm (original diameter 3.9 cm),2 kept in the
Municipal Historical Museum of Svištov, inventory number I-1974 (Fig. 1).
he phalera from Novae depicts a male
cuirassed bust in high relief, together with small
busts of three small children set on the shoul- Fig. 1. Glass phalera of Claudius from Novae, a fragment. Historical
Museum of Svištov, inv. no. I-1974 (phot. by D. Dragoev,
ders and in front of the male’s chest. Two of the
Regional Historical Museum Russe)
babies are missing in the Svištov piece because Обр. 1. Стъклена фалера от Нове, фрагмент. ГИМ–Свищов, инв.
№ I-1974 (фот. Д. Драгоев, РИМ–Русе)
of a modern fracture.3 It was published long ago
by Alexandra Dimitrova-Milčeva,4 who identiied
the bust as Drusus Minor (†33) and his children.5 Respectively, Milčeva dated the phalera to AD
19–23 under Tiberius.6 he same interpretation
* his modest text is dedicated to Professor Dr. Tadeusz
was repeated by Evgenija Genčeva in her book on
Sarnowski for his 70th anniversary. I am very grateful to
early Novae7 and again most recently, in the exhiDr. Agnieszka Tomas for her kind invitation to contribute
bition catalogue for the Limes Congress at Rousto this volume. My thanks are due also to Marin Marinov
(Svištov) and Dejan Dragoev (Russe) for their assistance.
se.8 In turn, Professor Sarnowski assumed that the
1 Paunov 2013; 2015.
Novae phalera was “given to a soldier of the legio
2 Found by chance in the mid-1970s while digging a vineyard some 150–200 m west of Novae, see Dimitrova 1979: VIII Augusta when Drusus visited Pannonia”.9
17, note 1.
he glass medallion from Novae actually
3 he piece was obviously broken during the discovery, if
belongs to a relatively large group (at least 43
4
5
not before.
Dimitrova 1979: 17–21 = Dimitrova 1982: 97–100, ig.
1a–b.
his historical identiication is preferred in the older German-language (Alföldi 1951 and 1957) and in the Englishlanguage literature: Toynbee, Richmond 1954: 40–48;
Henig 1974: 82; accepted in Rose 1997: 18–24; see also
Boschung 1987: 193–194, table 1.
6
7
8
9
Dimitrova 1979: 17–19; (1982): 98–99.
Genčeva 2002: 67.
Genčeva 2012: 86, no. 224.
Sarnowski 1988: 26.
195
evgeni i. paunov
Fig. 2. Glass phalera of Claudius from Rheingönheim. A. Front side;
b. Back side. Historisches Museum der Pfalz, Speyer, no. 3985
(phot. by Peter Haag-Kirchner)
Обр. 2. Стъклена фалера на Клавдий от Rheingönheim, Германия;
А – лице; Б – задна страна. Исторически музей на Пфалц,
Шпайер, инв. № 3985 (фот. Peter Haag-Kirchner)
pieces known by 1987)10 of similar phalerae from
the Early Principate with numerous specimens
published throughout Europe. hey are mainly
found in or around legionary camps, with most
inds concentrated along the Rhine border of Germania: at Vindonissa (3 specimens),11 Rheingönheim near Speyer12 (Fig. 2), Novaesium, Vechten,
Cologne (2 specimens), Xanten,13 and Nymwegen; from Dalmatia / Pannonia: Poetovio,14
Emona,15 and Burnum; from Italia: Aquileia16
and Rome (2 specimens: from the villa of Livia at
10 Divided into seven types — Boschung 1987 (with a complete catalogue); about the extant provenances; ibidem:
198–199, Abb. 5.
11 Boschung 1987: 252, cat. nos. 2, 40, 48, 54.
12 Claudian-Neronian occupation — Alföldi 1951: 70, Taf.
2.1–2 = Boschung 1987: 250–251, cat. no. 36, Abb. 8, 11.
13 Boschung 1987: 254, cat. nos. 43, Abb. 92.
14 Kept at KHM Vienna, AS-XI.B.8 — Alföldi 1951: 70, no.
III 2, Taf. 2.5 = Jucker 1975: 52 = Boschung 1987: 250, cat.
no. 35, Abb. 83–84.
15 Noll 1968: 82.
16 Jucker 1975: 50–51, ig. 1a–b.
196
Prima Porta17 and Esquiline); as well as a couple
from Britannia: Colchester18 (Fig. 3), Leicester19
and Carlisle.20 here are also other specimens, all
of uncertain provenance: one in the Metropolitan Museum in New York,21 one in the Corning
Museum of Glass,22 one in the State Hermitage,23
etc.
hese insignia (once mounted in a metal
holder with a round frame)24 were intended to
evoke personal loyalty to the Emperor and members of his family. It is assumed the medallions
were produced at Rome and were distributed
to the major military camps in Pannonia, Noricum, Germania, and Britannia. hese phalerae
were usually worn as military decorations on the
17 Boschung 1987: 198, cat. no. 20.
18 Harden et al. 1987: 22, no. 2 = Boschung 1987: 252, cat.
no. 37, Abb. 7, 86.
19 Harden 1972: 350–352, pl. 76a = Henig 1974: 283, pl. 70 =
Boschung 1987: 252, cat. no. 40, Abb. 89–90.
20 Toynbee, Richmond 1954: 40–48, pl. 1, 1.3 = Henig 1974:
275, no. 747, pl. 54 = Boschung 1987: 247, cat. no. 32, Abb.
80.
21 MMA 17.194.18.
22 Whitehouse 1997: 26, no. 21.
23 Neverov 1971: 91, pl. 83 — inv. no. Ж272, from the Casanova collection, acquired in 1792.
24 he manner of mounting in a metal holder is best described
in Boschung 1987: 201–203, Abb. 10.
a portrait glass phalera from novae reconsidered
Fig. 3. Glass phalera of Claudius from Colchester. London, British
Museum, no. 1870, 0224.2.
Обр. 3. Стъклена фалера на Клавдий от Колчестър. Британски
музей, Лондон, инв. № 1870, 0224.2.
©Trustees of the British Museum
Fig. 4b. Tombstone of Marcus Caelius, centurio of the legio
XVIII (CIL XIII 8648, from Birten/Xanten), Rheinisches
Landesmuseum Bonn. (photo ater Wikipedia, htp://
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Caelius#mediaviewer/
Datei:Epitaph_des_Marcus_Caelius.JPG)
Обр. 4b. Надгробна плоча на Marcus Caelius, центурион на
legio XVIII (CIL XIII 8648, от Birten/Xanten), Областен
музей, Бон. (фот. за htp://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_
Caelius#mediaviewer/Datei:Epitaph_des_Marcus_Caelius.JPG)
Fig. 4a. Tombstone of Q. Sertorius Festus, centurio of legio XI Claudia
pia idelis, from Cisolino, ca. AD 42–50. Verona Museum,
Lapidarium of Mafei, inv. no. 28160. (photo ater
htp://ancientrome.ru/art/artworken/img.htm?id=4146)
Обр. 4a. Надгробна плоча на Q. Sertorius Festus, центурион
на legio XI Claudia pia idelis, от Cisolino, ок. 42–50 г. сл. Хр.
Lapidarium Mafei, музей на Верона, инв. № 28160 (фот.
htp://ancientrome.ru/art/artworken/img.htm?id=4146)
oicer’s armour as shown on a number of 1st-century. AD tombstones (Fig. 4a–b).25
As a mater of fact, the phalera from Novae
(Type III ater Alföldi)26 features a frontal bust
of another member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty
— Emperor Claudius himself with his three children: Antonia, Octavia and Britannicus.27 Based
on the iconography and the extant specimens
(ive specimens cast in the same die named by
25 Maxfield 1981: 187–188, pl. 2b.
26 Alföldi 1951: 75 f.
27 Boschung 1987: Type III, die 6a, 213–217, Abb. 23–24, cat.
nos. 35–39.
197
evgeni i. paunov
Boschung as 6a were known by 1987), this series
herefore, the glass medallion from Novae
of phalerae with the portrait of Claudius is now must be re-assigned to Emperor Claudius and redated to around AD 43, probably related to Clau- dated to the period ater AD 41–43. How exactly
dius’ campaign in Britain28 or the reorganisation and from where this military phalera arrived in
of the provincial armies. Actually, this interpreta- Moesia is hard to establish. But one can specution perfectly its the historical context of Novae. late it came to Novae ater AD 45/6 as a personal
A brief discussion on the provenance of the award of a high-ranking oicer of the legio VIII
Novae piece is also worthwhile. Since it was Augusta when he was relocated from Poetovio31
reported to be found by chance some 150–200 m in Pannonia to the Lower Danube.32
west of Novae’s city-walls,29 a logical question
he Claudian glass phalera discussed above
would be what precisely was located in this zone provides further insight into the earliest history
of the site? As pointed out by Boschung, all other and archaeology of Novae and Roman Moesia,
such inds came either from graves or from rub- a research ield to which the respected Professor
bish pits in legionary camps.30
Sarnowski made so many valuable contributions.
Една портретна стъклена фалера от Нове в нова светлина
(pезюме)
Т
ази кратка статия предлага напълно нова идентификация и датиране на един фрагментиран
медальон от синьо стъкло (фот. 1), намерен случайно още през 1970-те години в лозята край Свищов,
на 150–200 м западно от руините на римския град
Нове. Въпреки че е публикуван отдавна (Dimitrova
1979; 1982), той представлява значителен интерес за
ранната история и археология на Нове. Наличието на
серия от подобни находки в Средна и Западна Европа
(фот. 2, 3) и новата хронология на тези фалери с
образи на членове на Юлиево-клавдиевата династия
(Boschung 1987), налага и пре-разглеждането на
находката от Нове. Всъщност, образът на фалерата не
принадлежи на Друз Млади (починал в 33 г.), както е
интерпретирана и датирана досега съгласно по-старата литература (последно у Genčeva 2012: 86, no.
224), а е на император Клавдий I (Boschung 1987:
213–217, Abb. 23-24, cat. nos. 35–39). Императорът е
представен в идеализиран, почти младежки образ,
с броня насреща, главата му е в профил ¾ наляво.
В лявото поле, точно над дясното рамо, преди счупването, е запазен частично образът на малко дете,
а другите части от композицията липсват (фот. 1).
28 Boschung 1987: 218.
29 Dimitrova 1982: 97, n.1; and note 3 above. Further information from Mr. Marin Marinov (Svištov Museum), to
whom I am most grateful.
30 Boschung 1987: 199, Anm. 31–32.
198
Аналогични по-добре запазени екземпляри
показват, че това са трите деца на Клавдий – Антония, Октавия и Британик Цезар. От точно същата
матрица за медальони (6а по типологията на
Boschung 1987) са известни още шест фалери, намерени все в легионни лагери в Панония, в Германия,
и две от Британия. Прието е, че тези инсигнии са произвеждани в Рим и са връчвани като военни награди
(phalerae) на висшестоящи офицери и командири на
легиони – в знак на вярност към императора и цялата
Юлиево-Клавдиева династия (фот. 4a, b).
Следователно, медальонът открит западно от
Нове трябва да бъде свързан с император Клавдий
I и пре-датиран в периода след 41–43 г. от Христа.
Може само да се предполага, че фалерата е донесена
в Нове от собственика си, когато legio VIII Augusta
е бил прехвърлен от Poetovio (дн. Ptuj в Словения)
на лагер по Долния Дунав.
Evgeni Paunov
Independent scholar, Vienna
epaunov@gmail.com
31 he presence of exactly this type of glass phalerae is already
conirmed by the Vienna KHM piece found at Petau / Poetovio in 1826, see Boschung 1987: 250, cat. no. 35, and note
12 supra.
32 Riterling 1925: 1647–1649; Reddé 2000: 120–121;
Ferjančić 2002: 166.
a portrait glass phalera from novae reconsidered
Abbreviations
ANRW
BABesch
RE
Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, H. Temporini [ed.], Berlin – New York 1972–1998.
Bulletin van de Vereeniging tot Bevordering der Kennis van de Antieke Beschaving
Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschat, A.F. von Pauly, G. Wissowa et al. [eds.],
Stutgart 1894–1980.
Literature
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