Ad ines imperii Romani Studia Thaddaeo Sarnowski septuagenario ab amicis, collegis discipulisque dedicata varsaviae 2015 published by Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927 Warszawa www.archeo.uw.edu.pl editor Agnieszka Tomas assistant editors Miłosława Stępień Tomasz Dziurdzik graphic design Piotr Berezowski cover design Agnieszka Tomas cover photo Michał Pisz Copyright by Instytut Archeologii UW ISBN 978-83-61376-46-0 Contents 9 21 23 Tadeusz Sarnowski. Curriculum vitae Jerzy Kolendo†, Tadeusz Sarnowski. Quatuordecim lustra optime peracta Agnieszka Tomas, Tadeusz Sarnowski in universitatem studiorum et studentium Roman army 27 39 47 59 Yann Le Bohec, La logistique de l’armée romaine sous le Principat Michel Reddé, he Layout of a Military Shrine in Egypt’s Eastern Desert Tomasz Derda, Adam Łajtar, Tomasz Płóciennik, hree Lists of Soldiers on Papyrus Found in Qasr Ibrim Edward Dąbrowa, he Roman Army in Action in Judea (4 BCE – 66 CE) Middle and Lower Danubian Provinces 71 81 93 105 111 117 135 141 147 151 173 Zsolt Visy, Ripa Pannonica – eine römische Flussgrenze Ioan Piso, Les listes de centurions de Potaissa et la participation des légions daciques à la guerre parthique de Caracalla Doina Benea, Militärische und politische Massnahmen während der Herrschat des Kaisers Hadrian im Südwesten der Provinz Dakien Calin Timoc, A Fragmentary Inscription Bearing the Name Gordiana Discovered in Tibiscum (Dacia superior) Livio Zerbini, Les cités grecques du Pont Gauche sous Auguste Emil Jęczmienowski, he Fortiications of the Upper Moesian Limes on the Eve of the Trajan’s Dacian Wars Mateusz Żmudziński, he Production of terra sigillata Potery (Local Samian Ware) in the Middle-Danube Roman Provinces Lucretiu Mihailescu-Bîrliba, Prosopographic Remarks on the Population of Troesmis (Lower Moesia) Rumen Ivanov, Valeri Stoičkov, Bricks with Stamps Discovered in the Defensive Walls of Almus (Lower Moesia) Michail Zahariade, he Scythian Section of Notitia Dignitatum. A Structural and Chronological Analysis Martin Lemke, Marsigli’s Moesia: he Limes Sites in Bulgaria as Seen in the 18th Century Novae 195 Evgeni Paunov, he Portrait Glass phalera rom Novae Reconsidered 201 Piotr Zakrzewski, Architectural Order of the Portico in the Courtyard of the Legionary Headquarters at Novae (Lower Moesia), in Light of Recent Discoveries 209 Pavlina Vladkova, New Data on the Cult of Iuppiter in Novae (Lower Moesia) 219 Tomasz Dziurdzik, Sacerdos legionis? Roman Army Priests in Light of a Fragmentary Inscription rom Novae (ILNov 32 = IGLNov 51) 227 Agnieszka Tomas, Martin Lemke, he Mithraeum at Novae Revisited 249 Jerzy Żelazowski, New Examples of the Name Stamp (Sarnowski Type XXV) rom the Legionary Fortress at Novae (Lower Moesia) 257 Agnieszka Tomas, Liber Pater or Dionysus? he Evidence of the Bacchic Cult at Novae (castra et canabae legionis) and in its Hinterland 277 Adam Łajtar, Another Greek Inscription rom Novae (Lower Moesia) Associated with pastus militum 289 Jerzy Kolendo†, Tomasz Kowal, Iron Components of Agricultural Tools Discovered During Excavations at Novae: Are hey Always Ancient or Early Medieval in Date? TAURICA 303 Bartosz Kontny, Maria Novičenkova, Spurs rom the Sanctuary at the Gurzufskoe Sedlo in Crimea. On the Problem of Hook Spurs 325 Radosław Gawroński, Radosław Karasiewicz-Szczypiorski, he Role of Early Empire Roman Cavalry in the Defence of Tauric Chersonesos 341 Ludmiła Kovalevskaja, he Farmhouse at Plot 363 in the Chora of Tauric Chersonesos 353 Michał Pisz, Non-destructive Archaeological Survey in the Rural Territory of Tauric Chersonesos 359 Elena Klenina, Ceramic Production of Tauric Chersonesos in the Roman Period 375 Viktoria Nessel, On Some Categories of Ceramic Tableware rom the Kadikovka-Kadikoi Setlement (Crimea) 381 Wojciech Nowakowski, Brooches rom Balaklava-Kadykovka on Crimea (Ukraine). Season 2010 391 Danił A. Kostromičev, A Brooch rom Tauric Chersonesos with a Dedication to Sabazius 405 Radosław Karasiewicz-Szczypiorski, Adam Łukaszewicz, Language in the Private Life of Roman Soldiers in Taurica Varia 417 Andrzej Biernacki, Valeri Yotov, Aleksander Minčev, he Origin of the Marble of the Architectural Elements and Details rom the Early-Christian Church at Cape Sveti Atanas near Bjala (Bulgaria) 437 Elżbieta Jastrzębowska, Remarks on Pseudo-opus reticulatum in Warsaw 449 Marek Olszewski, Les Cadrans solaires dans les mosaïqes romaines et byzantines (Ier siècle ap. J.-C. – IXe siècle ap. J.-C) 469 Krzysztof Jakubiak, he Last Days of Hatra: he Story Behind the City’s Downfall Dear Professor Dear Readers P rofessor Sarnowski’s interests are focused primarily on the Roman army and the archaeology of the Roman borderlands, especially the defence systems near the lower Danube and the Roman army presence in southern Crimea. he idea behind this volume was to bring together texts on various topics of interest for the Jubilant, writen by his friends and colleagues — all academics equally fascinated by such subject mater, as well as by his alumni and current students, as a means to celebrate and honour this birthday anniversary. his scientiic interest resulted in broad contacts among various scholars from Eastern and Western Europe. Our intention was to arrange this book in such a way that it would express this diversity, but also create a forum for a meeting between the East and the West in a literal sense: the bibliography, provided both in Cyrillic and transliterated, is a nod to the readers, who — we hope — will ind this useful. It was not possible to invite all those who would like to express their esteem and gratitude to Professor Sarnowski. We were overwhelmed by the amount of papers sent to us and this in itself shows how much we all owe to Him. While we apologize to those who were not invited, at the same time we would like share the hope that the next anniversary will be honoured with yet another such book. We would like to thank all those who participated in preparing the book and the Jubilee. We would like to express our gratitude to the Directors of the Institute of Archaeology, who supported the Editors and organized the Jubilee. We should also thank Konrad Uhma, who arranged Tabula Gratulatoria website, as well as those who helped to prepare the Jubilee celebration: Emil Jęczmienowski, Michał Pisz, Tomasz Dziurdzik, Anna Mech, and Piotr Zakrzewski. Special thanks from the main editor should go to Miłosława Stępień and Tomasz Dziurdzik, who did a large part of the translations and editorial work, but also to Tomasz Derda, for his advice in typeseting and editorial consultancy, as well as Tomasz Płóciennik and Adam Łajtar who made valuable suggestions. A great part of the texts were also translated or proofed by Martin Lemke, Mariya Avramova, Lyudmila Kovalevskaja, and Tabea Meurer. A great efort was made by Piotr Berezowski who prepared the typeseting of the text and the graphic design. However, most of all, we would like to thank the Authors for their participation and patience. his book also contains a very special text by the late Professor Jerzy Kolendo dedicated to Tadeusz Sarnowski (Tadeusz Sarnowski. Quatuordecim lustra optime peracta). It was dictated very shortly before his death, as a special contribution and expression of his admiration and respect for the Jubilant’s academic achievements. We hope that this volume will constitute a git which will not receive negative reviews from You, Dear Jubilant, but rather will serve as an expression of our gratitude and afection. he Editors tabula gratulatoria Wojciech Andrzejewski Doina Benea Piotr Berezowski Marzena Berutowicz Dorota Bielińska Piotr Bieliński Andrzej Biernacki Mirosław Blicharski Yann Le Bohec Karolina Bugajska Andrzej Buko Gerda von Bülow Roksana Chowaniec Adam Cieśliński Renata Ciołek Maciej Czapski Patrycja Czarnocka-Dzun Edward Dąbrowa Michał Dąbski Tomasz Derda Marta Domańska Krzysztof Domżalski Michał Duch Piotr Dyczek Dorota Dzierzbicka Tomasz Dziurdzik Mikołaj Gałązkiewicz Radosław Gawroński Ewgenia Genčeva Witold Gumiński Marcin Iwankiewicz Rumen T. Ivanov Krzysztof Jakubiak Paweł Janik Elżbieta Jastrzębowska Piotr Jaworski Emil Jęczmienowski Barbara Kaim Joanna Kalaga Jakub Kaniszewski Radosław Karasiewicz-Szczypiorski Paweł Karbarz Elena Klenina Bartosz Kontny Danil A. Kostromičev Ludmila Kovalevska Tomasz Kowal Oskar Kubrak Martin Lemke Kazimierz Lewartowski Adam Łajtar Dorota Ławecka Marcin Łukaniewicz Adam Łukaszewicz Marzena Łuszczewska Wiesław Małkowski Florian Matei-Popescu Bartosz Matuszewski Ryszard F. Mazurowski Lucretiu Mihailescu-Bîrliba Aleksander Minčev Krzysztof Misiewicz Jerzy Miziołek Jolanta Młynarczyk Iwona Modrzewska-Pianeti Monika Muszyńska Karol Myśliwiec Eduard Nemeth Vika Nessel Andrzej Niwiński Maria Novičenkova Tomasz Nowakiewicz Magdalena Nowakowska Wojciech Nowakowski Andrzej Olsienkiewicz Marek T. Olszewski Radu Oţa Krzysztof Pakuła Ewdoksia Papuci-Władyka Evgeni I. Paunov Ioan Piso Michał Pisz Joanna Pisz Tomasz Płóciennik Andrew G. Poulter Michel Reddé Monika Rekowska Andrzej Rokoszewski Witor Rutkowski Teodozja Rzeuska Ivo Sabljak Michael Sailer Marjeta Šašel-Kos Tomasz Scholl Siegmar von Schnurbein Małgorzata Siennicka Małgorzata Sołek Arkadiusz Sołtysiak Michał Starski Zbigniew Stasiak Teresa Stawiarska Franciszek M. Stępniowski Valeri Stoičkov Karl Strobel Paulina Szulist Călin Timoc Barbara Tkaczow Agnieszka Tomas Konrad Uhma Agata Ulanowska Lyudmil Vagalinski Zsolt Visy Pavlina Vladkova Magdalena Warowna Monika Wesołowska Tomasz Więcek Wiesław Więckowski Ewa Wipszycka George Yacoub Valeri Yotov Mihail Zahariade Piotr Zakrzewski Livio Zerbini Dobrochna Zielińska Jerzy Żelazowski Mateusz Żmudziński Marta Żuchowska a brooch from tauric chersonesos with a dedication to sabazius A Brooch from Tauric Chersonesos with a Dedication to Sabazius d a n i l a. k o s t r o m i č e v N ineteenth-century excavations in Cherso- are on the joining of the foot and the bow, with nesos in the Crimea discovered a unique six windings of wire wrapped round the bow brooch, which has thus far eluded the atention between them. he front side of the rectangular of researchers (Fig. 1). his artefact now resides foot is decorated with geometrical carvings and in the State Historical Museum, Moscow (inv. no. faceting. In the central section of the foot, there 78607; op. B. XXXIV/1656) as a part of its dis- are two engraved lines, with the space between play. he only known information on the origin them divided into rectangles, each with ive dots. of the brooch states that it was delivered to the A similar decorative patern is found on the bow. State Historical Museum during the Polytechnic he foot has a rivet at the edge and internal plates Exhibition in 1872, as an exhibit of the Sevastopol ixing the pin. he needle is broken. he 68-mmBooth. he ind’s irst publisher Denis Žuravlev long silver brooch has a bronze axle and needle. (Žuravlev 2002: 92, tab. 3.1) interpreted it as * * * a detail of Roman military clothing. However, the brooch allows for a more detailed analysis of its he artefact belongs to the group of T-shaped purpose and cultural speciicity.1 hinge brooches of Erwin Keller’s and Philipp Marc Prötel’s Type 1 (Keller 1971: 32–35; Pröt* * * tel 1988: 349–353). Such brooches were manuhis T-shaped hinge brooch has a crossbar with factured in AD 260–320, probably for Roman an octagonal cross-section, ending with two oicers and soldiers, according to the indspots biconical knobs, decorated with wired rings. he and relief images (Riha 1994: 22; Gschwind knobs are decorated with wires and have ring- 2004; Kostromičev 2012: 117–119). he researchshaped mouldings separating them from the ers present a reasonable interpretation of golden crossbar. he surface of the mouldings and rings and silver brooches as belonging to oicers, while is covered with ine notching. he overall length bronze pieces are considered to be the property of of the crossbar is 57 mm. here is an 18-mm-long soldiers. Prötel noted that silver brooches appear cap at the junction of the crossbar and the bow, in contexts dated to AD 260–280 (Prötel 1988: with a faceted front surface. he bow of the trap- 352f.). Oleg Šarov supposed that silver brooches ezoidal cross-section shows a niello inscription in with knobs decorated with rings of wire were manLatin SABADIO / VOTVM, going through both ufactured during a short period prior to AD 260 its sides. Two semi-rings decorated with notches (Šarov 1999: 202), since parallel brooches appear in the Nikolaevo hoard in hrace (with the latest 1 I am grateful to Dr Žuravlev for the opportunity to exam- coin from AD 249–251), the Szalacska hoard in Pannonia (the latest coin from AD 259–260), and ine the ind de visu. 391 danil a. kostromičev Fig. 1. he brooch inscribed with SABADIO / VOTVM from Chersonesos (drawing by the author) Рис. 1. Фибула с надписью SABADIO / VOTVM из Херсонеса (по автору) the Ostrovany grave in the same province dated to AD 249–251 (van Buchem 1973: 145–146, Abb. 2–4). he facts that no such brooches appeared at the sites on the Rhine limes which perished in 260 AD, and that the earliest inds originate from the Danube-Balkan area, suggest that the inds of brooches of Keller’s / Prötel’s Type 1 at the Balkan sites date shortly before AD 260 (Genčeva 2004: 62; Kostromičev 2012: 94). herefore, the ind addressed in this paper probably belonged to a Roman oicer who served in Chersonesos around AD 250–280. he brooch has already been discussed as part of the corpus of Roman brooches from Chersonesos (Kostromičev 2012: 87–89, tab. 8.77) and in a study of the Roman military presence in this city (Kostromičev 2011: 77, ig. 33.4). he inscription on the brooch is well-preserved, but no reading of it has been proposed in the previous publications. his text is easy to decipher since all the leters remain intact, apart from the irst and second leter in the name which are slightly damaged. he inscription features the niello technique combining engraved leters with notches illed with blackened silver. On the front side of the brooch bow, the dedication — SABADIO is visible, while on the back side we read VOTVM. he reconstruction could be Sabadio votum, that is a votive ofering to Sabazius. 392 Inscriptions on Roman brooches made during the manufacturing process are fairly common. here are well-known examples of Latin inscriptions on the Aucissa type brooches from the turn of the millennia and in the irst half of the 1st century AD (Behrens 1950: 6f, Abb. 11, Abb. 12). he tradition of adding inscriptions to the details of Roman military equipment became widespread in the 3rd century AD. here are soldier belt itings in the form of leters. Among the inscriptions on such belts, one may encounter the Greek ΜΝΗΜΩΝ, that is “remember” (Hoss 2006: 237, Abb. 1). he most popular phrase was, however, the Latin VTERE FELIX (Bullinger 1972; Kleiser 2000-2001; Hoss 2006: Abb. 3, 4; Redžić 2008), translatable as “carry with good fortune” or “use with luck” and appearing not only on belts, but also on rings, bracelets, earrings, spoons, drinking vessels, or lamps (see the list of such inds in Hoss 2006: 237, Anm. 4). his is the most common inscription on the brooches from a brooch from tauric chersonesos with a dedication to sabazius Fig. 2. Inscribed brooches (1–6 ater Behrens 1950; 7 ater Noll 1974) Рис. 2. Фибулы с надписями (1–6 по Behrens 1950; 7 по Noll 1974) the said period, such as openwork artefacts from here are also various inscriptions combining Ostrovany in Slovakia and an unknown place in VTERE FELIX with other words. he cratsman’s the Danube Area (Figs. 2.1, 2) (Behrens 1950: name — MESSOR FECIT / VTERE FELIX – 10, Abb. 13. 9, 10). Gustav Behrens mentions seven appears on a brooch from Salona (Ivčević 2000: artefacts with this inscription engraved on the 137–138, T. V. 26). Another frequently encountered bow, originating from the sites in the Danube area, case is a combination of good luck wishes with the Balkans, and Italy (Fig. 2.4) (Behrens 1950: names, such as Demati(us), Dulcitius, Quartinus, 11). Another example is a brooch from Bátaszék Septimius (Fig. 2.3). Perhaps jewellers engraved within the former territory of the Roman province these names on the brooches at the customers’ of Pannonia inferior (Tóth 1980: 142, Abb. 8). request (Behrens 1950: 12). 393 danil a. kostromičev Emperors’ names combined with wishes of good health and victory appeared later, on expensive Type 1 and 2 brooches from the age of the Tetrarchy (Fig. 2.6, 7) (Noll 1974; Prötel 1988: 350–354). A review of such inscriptions demonstrates that the votive ofering to Sabazius inscribed on the Chersonese brooch is unique. he only parallel is perhaps a well-known silver brooch from Mainz, with its bow showing DEOMAR / VTFELIX (Fig. 2.5). Behrens has proposed two variants of reading this inscription. he irst suggestion is Deo Marti utere felix (“To God Mars; use with luck”), which the researcher considered less probable, as the two parts of the inscription are not compatible. herefore, he has proposed another reading, with the name Deomartus or Deomartius, according to parallels among potery stamps (Behrens 1919: 14, Textab 5.1). he example of the Chersonese brooch with a votive ofering to Sabazius supports the possible interpretation of the inscription on the Mainz brooch as a dedication to Mars. he combination of a dedication with good luck wishes is quite possible. From the suggested reading of the inscription on the Chersonese brooch, there is reason to associate this object with the worship of the God Sabazius. he unusual form of spelling the God’s name deserves atention. A similar form — Sebadius — appears in Alexander Polyhistor and Arnobiuse (CCIS II, p. 49). he form “Sabadius,” an exact matching to the inscription on the brooch, is in Apuleius’ Metamorphoses (CCIS II, p. 48) and in Origen’s Contra Celsum as Σαβαδίων (CCIS II, p. 48). More analogies exist in Latin epigraphy. M. Servilius Verecundus’ dedication of the altar found in Pavlikeni reads Iovi Sabadio et Mercurio (CCIS II, p. 7, no. 15), and that of M. Ennius Celerinus on the altar found in Višovgrad is to Sabazius (i.e. Iuppiter Sabadius) and Mercury (CCIS II, p. 7, no. 18). Both altars originate from the vicinity of Nicopolis ad Istrum. his variant of the God’s name also appears on an altar with the dedication I. O. M. Deo Sabadio from Rome (CCIS II, pp. 28–29, no. 57). his altar was erected 394 on 2nd August 241 by the equites singulares Augusti, who previously served in the ala I Dardanorum. A part of the Lower Moesian army, this ala garrisoned Arrubium (Măcin) in the Dobrogean part of Lower Moesia (Matei-Popescu 2010: 170). Eugene Lane points out that ‘d’ as the third consonant in the name of Sabazius is a hraco-Moesian feature (CCIS III, p. 38). hus, all epigraphic artefacts with the form Sabadius would indicate that they originate from Lower Moesia. he concentration of such inscriptions in the vicinity of Nicopolis ad Istrum is reason to suppose that the Chersonesos brooch was made there. Another argument is that the Lower Moesian troops were garrisoned in Chersonese (Kadeev 1981: 27; Sarnowski 1988: 143), so an oicer of hracian origin could have brought this brooch with him. What is the signiicance of the Chersonese ind for the study of Sabazius’ cult? his God became extremely popular in the Roman Imperial Period, though particulars of his cult remain unclear thus far. Some ancient writers state that the cult came from hrace, while others indicate Phrygia. Atanas Milčev’s and Eugene Lane’s studies present reliable analyses of the accounts in ancient sources concerning the origin of the Sabazius cult (Milčev 1977: 58; CCIS III, pp. 1–10). he artefact discussed herein dates to the Roman Period, when the shaping of the syncretistic cult of Sabazius was completed ater a long transformation period. Beginning in hrace in the 4th century BC, this process ended before the 1st century AD with the formation of the cult of hracian Sabazius. his dualistic cult combined chthonic and solar features (Tačeva-Hitova 1982: 289; Popova 2009: 168, 169). In the inal period of the Sabazius cult, his numerous images appeared with distinctive atributes and traits indicating his association with Jupiter, Hermes, Apollo, Mithras, Atis, the Dioscuri, Hercules, Mars, Silvanus (CCIS III, pp. 11–22; Popova 2009: 168f.). Despite the information available in various writen sources claiming that the ith-century-BC Greeks considered Sabazius to be a Phrygian counterpart of Dionysus, Lane rejects particu- a brooch from tauric chersonesos with a dedication to sabazius lar connections between these deities, because Sabazius’ representations do not contain Dionysian atributes (CCIS III, pp. 13–15). In Lev Elnickij’s opinion, both Dionysus and Sabazius were related to a deity known as the hracian horseman or hracian Heros. As an element indicating the connection between the cults of Sabazius and Heros may serve the image of serpents winding around trees and altars presented on both types of reliefs. Another link between the two cults is the popular representation of a hracian horseman with his right hand raised in a gesture of blessing, benedictio Latina (“Latin benediction”) (El’nickij 1946: 104), with the litle inger and index inger touching the palm, while the others remain extended, and the palm is turned toward the viewer. here is a great amount of such artefacts (Kazarov 1938: nos. 9, 111, 170, 171, 215, 232, 233, 241, 313, 457, 458, 477, 502), including one relief from Chersonesos (Ščeglov 1969: 140, ig. 1.4). he archaeological inds related to the cult of Sabazius are numerous but relatively uniform. hey primarily consist of metal and bone images of human palms showing the gesture of benediction (CCIS I, nos. 1–18, 25–33, 38, 40–42, 44–79, 81, 82, 84–86, 88–96). Statues and reliefs depicting Sabazius are rare (CCIS I, nos. 19–24, 36, 39, 43, 80, 83, 87; CCIS II, pp. 77–88). A common feature to both types of artefacts — human palms and reliefs — would be the images of various objects covering their surface. he mysterious nature of Sabazius’ cult resulted in a lack of information about its rituals in writen sources. His atributes on reliefs and votive palms are the only reliable indicator of Sabazius’ ritualism. hese items are interpreted as the link between Sabazius’ cult and the worship of other gods. Although this connection probably alludes to the idea behind this cult, the idea itself remains obscure thus far (CCIS III, pp. 23–37). he role of the reliefs and votive palms has been addressed by many researchers, but the only probable conclusion is that they were “objects-mediators” used “in the festivities dedicated to the god, by the initiated participants” (Popova 2009: 173f.). he brooch as a votive ofering to Sabazius is a new unique ind, expanding the range of types of objects related to this god. A possible parallel to this ind as a speciic kind of ofering is a bronze statuete of a boar from the British Museum with the following engraved inscription: Μυρτίνη θεῷ Σαβαζίῳ (CCIS II, p. 36, no. 76). What was the probable meaning of the inscribed brooch? A brooch is an accessory used as a garment fastener. herefore, the Chersonese brooch could not have been a votive ofering to Sabazius by itself. In this particular case, the brooch was used to fasten a heavy military cloak (sagum). As numerous inscriptions and inds of votive palms in military contexts provide information about the popularity of Sabazius among Roman soldiers (CCIC III, p. 44), such a dedication on a soldier’s brooch should not be surprising. A bronze plate from Ampurias in Spain indicates the role of speciic clothes in Sabazius’ cult (CCIS II, pp. 40–41, no. 85). It shows Sabazius wearing a tunic with long sleeves and pants (braccae), covered throughout with stars symbolizing the irmament (El’nickij 1946: 98) and indicating Sabazius’ supremacy in hracian religion as kosmokrator (Tačeva-Hitova 1982: 292). he brooch in question possibly fastened a special cloak related to the worship of Sabazius. Other items of atire connected with the cult include pins with heads in the form of Sabazius’ palm. Lane supposes that certain priests wore such pins (CCIS III, p. 44). he relatively large number of such inds of pins (Bartus 2012: 206) may indicate that ordinary adherents of the cult were also among their owners. he dating of the Chersonese brooch, the 250s–280s AD, makes it one of the latest pieces of evidence of Sabazius’ veneration. he latest inscription mentioning this god and possessing an exact date is from 241 AD (CCIS II, no. 57). his is the aforementioned altar erected in Rome by Lower Moesian soldiers of the ala I Dardanorum. he latest monuments from a sanctuary dedicated to Sabazius appear in the Forum Holitorium in Rome, in a site destroyed by ire ater 395 danil a. kostromičev Fig. 3. Red slip vessel botom from Chersonesos (NZHT archive, negatives no. 4889, 4912) Рис. 3. Дно краснолакового сосуда из Херсонеса (из архива НЗХТ: негативы 4889 и 4912) AD 259 (CCIS III, p. 20). hus, the latest monuments of Sabazius’ cult coincide with the establishment of Christianity. he characteristic gesture of blessing depicted on many early Christian religious artefacts is particularly worth noting as probably borrowed from the Sabazius cult (El’nickij 1946: 99). Early Christian inds include sculptural images of a palm with the ingers reproducing the benedictio Latina gesture, holding a cross-topped sphere between the middle inger, thumb, and foreinger (Zalesskaja 1967: 88, ig. 3). he late-pagan brooch under examination could be another link that sheds light on the peculiarities in the transformation of the syncretistic Sabazius’ cult and the use of its symbols in Christianity. he oicer’s brooch indicates that this process took place also in the military subculture. he discovery of this interesting instance of the Sabazius cult in Tauric Chersonesos suggests the need for the revision of other inds associated with his worship in this Greek city. he earliest evidence of this kind appearing on the chora dates to the last quarter of the 4th century BC. In a room (U6) in the sanctuary in the setlement of Panskoe, there was a cup with a dedication to Sabazius, as well as other religious objects, including a silver snake (Gilevič 1988: 71–73). he excavations in the city uncovered three statues of Dionysus-Sabazius. he authors of the catalogue about the ancient sculptures from Chersonesos interpret two of them as second-century-AD 396 copies of original sculptures from the Archaic Period, which are images of Dionysus rather than Sabazius (Ivanova, Čubova, Kolesnikova 1976: 15, no. 3, 4). More artefacts connected to the Sabazius cult in Chersonesos date to the Roman Period. Elena Štaerman identiied the image of a male igure on the botom of a red slip vessel from Gregorii Belov’s 1937 excavations as this syncretistic god (Fig. 3), particularly noting the features of Atis, Men, and Sabazius in this representation (Štaerman 1950: 114). Belov and Stanislav Strzeleckij in their publication of this artefact atributed it to Silenus (Belov, Strzeleckij 1953: 75–76, ig. 40, в, г). Štaerman paid particular atention to three “mysterious signs” scratched on the reverse of the botom, which she interpreted as modiied or monogrammed Greek leters. he researcher explained their appearance on the ceramic fragment as magical practices connected with the Sabazius cult (Štaerman 1950: 114, 115). However, the three scratched signs look more like Sarmatian tamghas than Greek leters (Dračuk 1975: 34). Tamgha signs feature volute-shaped and rectangular divergent elements, oten joined by a crossbar. All three signs scratched on the vessel botom also appeared among Sarmatian artefacts. he irst sign consists of diamond-shaped and S-shaped elements joined by a crossbar (Solomonik 1959: no. 43). he second sign resembles a monogram of the Greek leters ‘p’ and ‘ω’. A similar sign appears on plates from Olbia and Krivyi Rih and on golden badges from Sarmatian barrows (Solomonik 1959: nos. 18, 43, 60, 134). he third sign is similar to those found in AkKaia Cave and on a slab from Koktebel (Solomonik 1959: nos. 39, 58). he Sarmatian tamgha signs were common on the Northern Black Sea Coast in the irst centuries AD, particularly in the Hellenistic centres under Sarmatian inluence, such as the Bosporan Kingdom and Olbia. In Chersonesos, such inds are so rare that Ella Solomonik included only two artefacts into her selection of Sarmatian signs: a marble slab with three signs and a bronze mirror (Solomonik a brooch from tauric chersonesos with a dedication to sabazius 1959: nos. 62, 125). Although Viktor Dračuk published a bronze buckle-plate from Chersonesos with a sign interpreted as tamgha (Dračuk 1974: ig. 1), this is rather a part of a Roman military belt set (Kostromičev 2011: 46, 47, ig. 25.6). he set of tamgha signs found in Chersonesos was recently supplemented by a buckle- or belt-plate (Saprykin, Doroško 2011). herefore, the grafito on the red slip vessel excavated in 1937 is only one of many artefacts of the kind. here are three more images scratched near the signs under examination. hey are not visible (perhaps intentionally retouched) in the irst publication, and Štaerman briely mentioned them as solar signs (Štaerman 1950: 113, ig. 1). his was probably not accidental in the case of a paper published soon ater the Second World Fig. 4. Bone palm excavated by Belov (drawn on the basis of a photo in the NZHT archive, negative no. 4911) War as these signs were three swastikas. his solar symbol was used by many ancient peoples, partic- Рис. 4. Рука из кости из раскопок Г.Д. Белова (прорисовка по фотографии из архива НЗХТ: негатив 4911) ularly the Iranian Sarmatians (Solomonik 1959: nos. 57, 95, 96), but not only. he relief on the face side and the graito on the back side of the red of Chersonesos in 1892 (Koscjuško-Valjužinič slip vessel botom discussed above are not nec- 1894: 112, ig. 70) and a bone pin from grave no. essarily related; therefore, these interesting inds 2582 (Ševčenko 2007: 348; Ševčenko 2011: 260, ig. 36). he carved heads of these objects show need future examination. Another artefact (Fig. 4) allegedly related a right hand, holding a spherical object using with the Sabazius cult is a bone head-piece from the foreinger, thumb, and middle inger. All Belov’s 1937 excavations (Belov, Strzeleckij the ingers are extended. A snake winds round 1953: 80). Tatiana Ševčenko interpreted this ind the wrist on bone pin. Ševčenko considers the as “Dionysus-Sabazius’ hand” (Ševčenko 2007: spherical artefact to be a stone pine cone, which 347–349; Ševčenko 2011: 260–264). he ind has indicates these items’ connection to the Sabazius not survived to these days and it is only known cult. However, there is a fundamental diference from the pictures in the excavation report (NZHT between the gestures portrayed on votive plaques archive, negative no. 4911). his head-piece shows and sculptures in the Roman Period. he palm of a right palm about 8 cm long, with extended in- the hand with straight ingers is associated with gers, and the thumb — with a inger-ring — posi- Jupiter Dolichenus (Lusthaus 1947: 169–184), tioned opposite the other four ingers. here are or in some instances with Baal of Heliopolis two bracelets on the wrist and at the base of the and Atargatis (Zalesskaja 1967: 86). here are palm. he ingers are thoroughly lathed, with inscriptions and image details supporting the an indication of the phalanxes and nails. On the said interpretation, such as Jupiter Dolichenus’ inner side of the litle, index, and middle ingers, hand holding a sphere2 with Victoria or Dolithere is a visible fracture where some object was chenus himself (Milčev 1977: 67, 68; Kohlertformerly atached. Ševčenko also enlarges the group of Sabazius-related artefacts with a silver 2 his sphere is sometimes held between the thumb and inpin from grave no. 201 excavated in the cemetery dex inger, sometimes supported by three ingers or more. 397 danil a. kostromičev Fig. 5. Pins with palm-shaped head-pieces from Tauric Chersonesos (1 ater Repnikov 1927; 3 ater Koscjuško-Valjužinič 1894; 4 ater Kadeev 1996; 5 ater Kadeev 1996; 8 ater NZHT archive, negative no. 5158) Рис. 5. Булавки с навершием в форме руки из Херсонеса (1 по Репников 1927; 3 по Косцюшко-Валюжинич 1894; 4 по Кадеев 1996; 5 по Кадеев 1996; 8 по архив НЗХТ, негатив 5158) Németh 1988: 57; Kolendo, Trynkowski 1998: most commonly stone pine cones and snakes. ig. 1–4). he bone head-piece from Chersonesos he snake winds round the hand, and the cone is shows a palm with extended ingers, most likely held by straight ingers or rests on the sole of the thumb. here are instances of the palm being prerelated to the Jupiter Dolichenus cult. he images of Sabazius’ hands are slightly dif- sented as free of any additional details, such as on ferent, representing the benedictio Latina gesture, certain sculptures and reliefs depicting the God with the foreinger and litle inger touching the (CCIS I, nos. 12, 18, 28, 41, 46). Among the great amount of human palms, palm. he large votive hands, depicted separately, normally have a number of additional elements, there are more utilitarian objects with ornamen- 398 a brooch from tauric chersonesos with a dedication to sabazius tal head-pieces than large and complicated votive pieces. his “utilitarian” group consists of metal and bone rods or pins, which are widespread at the sites from the Roman Period. A recent hypothesis states that these artefacts were more than simple decorations, relecting their owners’ religious beliefs. here are two diferent typologies addressing these inds. Felix Lang’s division includes ive variants of hand-shaped head-pieces distinguished according to the gesture types (Lang 2008: 153, Abb. 5–9). David Bartus’ typology addresses the diferent objects found in the palm, with a consideration of the presence or absence of bracelets on the wrist. Bartus distinguishes eight types of ‘gesture and object’ aspects and the same number of wrist decorations appearing on 216 inds from the entire territory of the Empire (Bartus 2012: 206–208. ig. 3). Despite the many details referred to in Bartus’ typology, the one proposed by Lang seems to be more correct due to being based on a very important diferentiation — the gesture. Both researchers connected the dress pins showing the benedictio Latina with Sabazius. Bartus’ typology describes these pins as Type 3 (Bartus 2012: 211), while Lang’s as Variant C (Lang 2008: 156, Abb. 8). Both researchers related the pins with extended ingers to Jupiter Dolichenus (Lang 2008: 156; Bartus 2012: 212). herefore, Shevchenko’s conclusion that hand-shaped head-pieces belonged to Sabazius’ cult (Ševčenko 2007: 348) would not be correct. As a result, it would be interesting to analyze the Chersonese series of eight pins topped with human palms. * * * Lang’s Variant B, Bartus’ Type 2: with extended ingers, in most cases holding a spherical object. 1. Bone pin with a palm-shaped head-piece, with extended ingers holding a spherical object, and a snake around the wrist (Fig. 5.1). Preserved length: 108 mm. Provenance: child’s grave no. 2582, uncovered by Nikolai Repnikov’s 1908 excavations. Grave goods: a large bead, a buckle, and a pin. Current location: unknown. Publications: Repnikov 1927: 158, ig. 13; Ševčenko 2011: 261, ig. 36.а). Drawn on the basis of: NZHT archive, ile 59/II. 2. Bone pin with a palm-shaped head-piece, with extended ingers holding an egg-shaped object, a transverse horizontal line at the external side of the base of the ingers, and a pseudosocket at the base of the wrist (Fig. 5.2). Preserved length: 81 mm. Provenance: the illing of a water reservoir excavated by Larissa Sedikova in 1990. Accompanying materials: from the irst half of the ninth century. Current location: NZHT storage department, inv. no. 46/37200. Unpublished. 3. Silver pin with a palm-shaped head-piece, with extended ingers holding a spherical object, a ring between the ingers, and a bracelet on the wrist (Fig. 5.3). Length: unknown. Provenance: grave no. 201, uncovered by Karl KoscjuškoValiužinič’s 1892 excavations. Grave goods: gold ornaments, beads, two dices, and a silver coin of Emperor Hadrian (AD 117–138) minted in Amisus. Current location: unknown. Publications: Koscjuško-Valjužinič 1894: 112, ig. 70; Ševčenko 2011: 261, ig. 36. б. Drawn on the basis of: Koscjuško-Valjužinič 1894. 4. Pin with a palm-shaped head-piece, with extended ingers holding a spherical object, a ring between the ingers, and a bracelet on the wrist (Fig. 5.4). Provenance and current location: unknown. Publication: Kadeev 1996: 70. Drawn on the basis of: Kadeev 1996: 70. Lang’s Variant C, Bartus’ Type 3: with bent litle inger and foreinger, other ingers extended, holding a spherical object. 5. Pin with a palm-shaped head-piece, the little inger and the foreinger bent to the palm, the others extended, holding a spherical object, and a two-ridge bracelet on the wrist (Fig. 5.5). Provenance and current location: unknown. Publication: Kadeev 1996: 70. Drawn on the basis of: Kadeev 1996: 70. 6. Bone pin with a palm-shaped head-piece, the litle inger and the foreinger bent to the palm, the others extended, holding a spherical object, a cross scratched on the top, and a transverse 399 danil a. kostromičev line at the base of the ingers (Fig. 5.6). he rod lications: Belov, Strzeleckij 1953: 76. Drawn is missing. Preserved length: 36 mm. Provenance: on the basis of: NZHT archive, negative no. 5158. Koscjuško-Valjužinič’s excavations. Current loca* * * tion: NZHT storage department, inv. no. 29573. he six pins of classiied as Variants B and D Unpublished. Lang’s Variant B or D, Bartus’ Type 1 or 2: probably belonged to the Jupiter Dolichenus with the ingers extended, though their tips are cult, which was popular in the nearest rural surmissing. One cannot determine if there was an roundings of Chersonesos according to the materials excavated at the sanctuary in Balaobject held in the palm. 7. Bone pin with a palm-shaped head-piece, klava (Sarnowski, Savelja 2000). he situation extended ingers, their tips missing, two trans- difers in the case of the artefact with the cross verse lines engraved at the base of the ingers, and scratched on the sphere. Its parallels among the two bracelets engraved by three lines on the wrist inds from the early Medieval period provide rea(Fig. 5.7). Preserved length: 118 mm. Provenance: son to assume this artefact is of Christian origin. he examination of the artefacts in question Koscjuško-Valjužinič’s excavations. Current location: NZHT storage department, inv. no. 2646. demonstrates that only the inscribed brooch and one of the pins published by Vladimir Kadeev Unpublished. 8. Bone pin with a palm-shaped head-piece, could be atributed to the Sabazius cult in Tauextended ingers, their tips missing, and two ric Chersonesos in the Roman period. he small bracelets engraved by three lines on the wrist (Fig. number of artefacts ofered to Sabazius shows 5.8). Length: about 110 mm. Provenance: Room that his cult was not popular in the city. Moreover, А1 В1 in the northern area of Chersonesos, exca- the brooch’s connection with the Roman garrison vated by Belov in 1937. Accompanying materials: proves that Sabazius’ worshippers were Roman a cultural layer from the Roman Period. Current soldiers of hracian origin. Translated rom Russian by Olga Kaganceva location: lost during the Second World War. Pub- Фибула с посвящением Сабазию из Херсонеса Таврического (Pезюме) В статье рассматривается фибула с латинской надписью на спинке (pис. 1). Она была найдена в Херсонесе или его ближайшей округе до 1872 г. и сейчас экспонируется в Государственном историческом музее в Москве. Предмет относится к 1 типу Т-образных шарнирных фибул по типологии Э. Келлера и Ф. Прёттеля. Экземпляр из Херсонеса можно датировать по аналогиям 50-ми – 80-ми годами III в. Подобные фибулы являлись частью римского воинского костюма (pис. 2). Считается, что серебряные фибулы принадлежали офицерам римской армии. Спинка фибулы из Херсонеса снабжена надписью SABADIO VOTVM, выполненной чернью. Перевод: “посвящение Сабазию”. Среди однотипных фибул с надписями посвящение божеству уникально. Возможной аналогией является фибула из Майнца с надписью DEOMAR VTFELIX. Один из 400 вариантов перевода: “Богу Марсу, носи с удачей”. Археологические находки, соотносимые с почитанием бога Сабазия, включают лишь несколько типов предметов. Прежде всего, это изображения кистей рук, изготовленные из кости или бронзы (pис. 3–5). С Сабазием отождествляются кисти, сложенные в жесте т. н. benedictio Latina (“латинского благословения”): мизинец и безымянный палец прижаты к ладони, остальные выпрямлены. Близким типом памятников являются булавки с навершием в виде кисти, сложенной в том же жесте. Ещё один тип памятников Сабазия – это рельефы и скульптура, изображающие этого бога. Особняком стоит бронзовая статуэтка хряка из Британского музея с надписью Μυρτίνηθεῷ Σαβαζίῳ. Остальные памятники – это лапидарные надписи. Фибула с посвящением Сабазию является уникальным памятником нового a brooch from tauric chersonesos with a dedication to sabazius типа. Учитывая то, что фибула является утилитарным предметом, предназначенным для скрепления одежды, можно предположить, что фибула скрепляла какой-то особый плащ, связанный с почитанием Сабазия. То, что посвящение Сабазию выгравировано на «воинской» фибуле, хорошо согласуется с данными о почитании этого бога в римской армейской среде. Обращает на себя внимание диалектная форма написания имени божества. Форма Sabadius встречена на трех памятниках эпиграфики. Все они связаны с римской армией и территорией провинции Нижняя Мёзия. Именно с территории этой провинции части римских войск направлялись для прохождения службы в Херсонесском гарнизоне. Совпадение диалектной формы написания имени божества может указывать на то, что фибула была изготовлена на территории Нижней Мезии. В Херсонесе этот предмет появился вместе с офицером фракийского происхождения, проходившим службу в этом городе. В связи с обнаружением нового памятника культа Сабазия из Херсонеса произведена ревизия других памятников римского времени, которые привлекались исследователями в качестве свидетельств почитания этого божества в городе. Выясняется, что ни один из них, кроме костяной булавки, опубликованной В. И. Кадеевым, не может быть отнесен к культу Сабазия. Имеющиеся данные не могут свидетельствовать в пользу популярности Сабазия в Херсонесе. Вместе с тем, можно без сомнения утверждать, что в третьей четверти III в. культ Сабазия имел адептов среди солдат римского гарнизона, происходящих из Нижней Мезии. Daniil Kostromičev National Preserve of Tauric Chersonesos Drevnjaja Street, 1, Sevastopol 299045 akill@list.ru Abbreviations CCIS I CCIS II Corpus Cultus Iovi Sabazii, vol. I, M. Vermaseren, he Hands, EPRO 100/1, Leiden 1983. Corpus Cultus Iovi Sabazii, vol. II, E. N. Lane, he other monuments and literary evidence, EPRO 100/2, Leiden 1985. CCIS III Corpus Cultus Iovi Sabazii, vol. III, E. N. 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