In : L. Chrzanovski (dir.), Lychnological Acts 1. Actes du 1er Congrès international d’études sur le luminaire antique (Nyon-Genève, 29.IX - 4.X.2003) (Monogr. Instrumentum, 31), Montagnac 2005. Early Byzantine Lamps from Alata: A Cemetery Site in Rough Cilicia (Southern Turkey)* (pl. 90 à 93) Ergün Laflı Introduction Early Byzantine ceramic chronology of Cilicia is based on very few archaeological excavations, such as TarsusGözlükule; so far, however, very few stratigraphical material are known. Lamp production and consumption in Cilicia during the 6th-7th centuries A.D. enlighted through weak evidence from Tarsus-Gözlükule, Antioch-on-theOrontes, Anemurium, and few rescue excavations1. So far no burial site of Early Byzantine Cilicia are published; Early Byzantine necropoleis in Cilicia and their burial customs are scarcely known2. J. W. Hayes is the first person who uses the term “Cilician” in definition for the lamps from this region3. It is known from the excavation results that great metropoleis like Antioch and Tarsus were lamp producers during the Early Byzantine period; but details of their production is completely unknown. So far only at Gözlükule a Late Roman mould has been found4. Local archaeological museums in Cilicia, however, contain numerous local and imported specimens from Late Roman and Early Byzantine periods. So far lamp distribution and use are only tested in a limited scale in a single site, in Anemurium. From the excavation results it seems that at least in the 5th-7th centuries Anemurium has been a watershed where Syro-Palestinian lamps stopped and western Anatolian lamp types began with a large quantity of Cypriot lamps5. The main concern of this brief paper is to reconstruct typology, decoration and other characteristics of 20 Early Byzantine lamps found in Alata (or Alata Çamlıg*ı) near Erdemli (Fig. 1), a cemetery site in eastern Rough Cilicia. Today these lamps are in the display at the Archaeological Museum of Mersin. These lamps were found in 1987 in a rescue excavation, done by Hamdi Biter, the former director of the local museum at Erdemli. Geographical Setting According to the excavator these lamps were found in three or four rock-cut graves, discovered during the construction of a new asphalt road or building of “Küçük Esnaflar ve Sanatkarlar Kooperatifi” in an area called “Domuz Deresi” near Alata which locates in the territory of Erdemli township, and c. 5 km east of Erdemli town center (Fig. 1). Erdemli is 36 km southwest of Mersin where fertile land is scarce and concentrated in the narrow coastal strip. In the western extension of Mersin, urban rapid and unplanned expansion of high-rise building development at ancient cemetery and pottery workshop sites resulted in irreversible loss of numerous archaeological sites along the coastline of Mersin during the 80s and 90s. The rescue archaeological excavation at Alata was under no controlled conditions. No report or excavation plan has been published, or nor any field data has been *This collection has been studied by the author thanks to an authorization given by Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism (permit no.: B.16.0.AMG.0.10.00.01/ 707.1-2). 1- Williams/Taylor 1975; Williams 1977; Williams 1989; Goldman/Jones 1950, 86, and 97-98 (groups XIX-XXIII); and Waagé 1934 as well as 1941. At two further sites in Tarsus some Early Byzantine lamps were published or found : Donuktas1 (Baydur/Karakaya 2001, 71, Grup VIII, and 99100, cat. nos. 372-383) and Cumhuriyet Meydanı (studied by L. Zorog&lu). Tarsian sites provided few examples of the Early Byzantine lamps of the region, whose development therefore remains uncertain. 2- A project was the sepulcral archaeology of classical Cilicia. Our aims were : 1. chronology and typology of pottery and other items from Cilician graves; 2. understanding the Cilician burial customs during Hellenistic and Roman periods through material culture, and its analogy to other regions; 3. identification of the locations of unknown or less known necropoleis in Cilicia to a general look at Early Byzantine burial customs : Ivison 1996; and meaning of necropoleis in classical Cilician society : Spanu 2000. 3- Hayes 1980, 72-74. Of these later lamps were classifed as “Early Christian lamps”: 73-74. 4- Goldman/Jones 1950, p. 86. 5- Williams 1989 — 193 — Ergün Laflî recorded. Anthropological information as well as archaeological coherences are therefore not known. In the 5th century A.D. the region around Erdemli was called Isauria which had its capital at Seleuceia ad Calykadnus with two legions, the Secunda Isaura and the Tertia Isaura. Several large gaps exist in our knowledge of Early Byzantine Erdemli. A site at the status of a kwvmh at the place of today’s Erdemli was mentioned in Byzantine texts as Kalanthia which was standing on the route of a regional Byzantine road6. It is said from the Museum of Mersin that in Erdemli several architectural fragments were collected, but without any archaeological context. In Alata today only a marble Corinthian-composite capital of 5th-6th century A.D. is still visible in a garden of a house. In the area between Pompeiupolis, an Early Byzantine metropolis in western end of Plain Cilicia, and Kalanthia numerous Early Byzantine sites and their remains were reported by several scholars7; especially grave sites are many which perhaps could be associated with epidemic diseases or plague occured in this area during the 5th and 6th centuries8. Historical datas and archaeological evidences about this assumption should be re-considered once again. Study Material The rescue excavations at Alata Çamlıg*ı resulted in the finding of 20 terracotta lamps (Fig. 2). We do not know, however, what the exact number of finds were and which lamp was found with which material and where. Including lamps a terracotta spouted juglet has also been recovered whose archaeological context is not known either. Beside these finds from Alata, a further glass lamp from Dumlupınar, a further Early Byzantine cemetery in Mersin, will be also presented in this article, since Early Byzantine glass lamps are very scarcely known. Almost all of the objects were recovered intact; in few cases damages or breaks are observed (cf. no. 10). Since they were produced as burial items they are not in firstclass quality, and they have rather careless look. 20 lamps feature almost same fabric characteristics, and are therefore classified as an homogenous group. Their fabric is hard fired, fine, light brown fabric with a moderate amount of tiny white and micaceous inclusions. Their surface colour ranges from the tones of GLEY 1 to those of 2. Most of them are clearly unslipped, with exceptions of nos. 3, 5, and 7; but their slip is blackish or whitish which is in some cases washed out9. All of the lamps are mold made. While in general outline all the examples are typologically similar : of almond, ovoid, and broad biconical shape with central filling hole with raised rim, surrounded by a ridge encircling discus and wick hole. The treatments of the disk, however, divides them into three uniform types. Type I is represented only by one single lamp which is also extraordinary in its decoration. The second consists of 5 examples and the third of 14 lamps. The reason for the classification of type I into an independent group is because of its large figural decoration in its discus which made the surface of the lamp more shallow and designed. Type I is disk-shaped and has a large discoid medallion in the middle, and the other two types are almond or leafshaped. Typologically type I at Alata resembles with Oziol type 19, “1e série”, but it is very flat-topped at his upper part. Type II has a discus ring made by one or two thick circles, and having no channel to the nozzle. The distinctive typological feature of type III is the discus ring made by two thick transverse concentric grooves, extending forward to front of nozzle on each side to form a nozzle through and flanking the nozzle which is basically making a connecting channel from ovoid discus to wick hole. This type does not have a crown or medaillion-shaped discus as types 1-2. Generally speaking all three types feature vaguest indication of ridge from base-ring to base, and they all bear a small spike handle at rear. Sizes of all three types are more or less same : length of the whole lamp is c. 9 cm; their width is approximately 7.5 cm; height is c. 2.5 cm. Handles are c. 1.5 cm long and 1 cm wide. At all of three types, wick-hole as well as filling hole are very small (c. 1 cm). The decoration patterns are usually degenerated and combined in simple shapes. Their decoration is replete with a small variety of patterns. In Alata’ lamps nine main decoration models have been practised at discus, and four at shoulders. Nine discus decorations are as follows : • a figural decoration (no. 1); • 8 lines and 4 semi-circular arcs in a form of a cross in outline around the discus with 12 filled raised knobs in each edge arrow and knob among the rays (no. 2); • 12-18 thin (sometimes thick) linears radiating between the first circle and edge of filling hole (nos. 3-8); 6- Hild/Hellenkemper 1990, p. 291; and Hild 1991, p. 311. For Cilicia during the 5th and 6th centuries A.D.: Hild/Hellenkemper 1990, 42-43. 7- Numerous archaeological sites and former references were presented here : Laflı 2004. 8- 6th century A.D. in Cilicia was characterized by epidemic diseases and natural catastrophes. In A.D. 542-543 a great pest outbreak begun in Syria and enlarged its circle towards Cilicia which accused a great loss of population: Hild/Hellenkemper 1990, 42 and 99. For the pest in neighbored Early Byzantine Lycia: Harrison 2001. 9- The problem that was not resolved by A. Karivieri's study (Karivieri 1996) for Athenian Late Roman lamps and cannot be answered yet is not so much when the lampmakers stopped glazing their lamps (clearly sometime in the fifth rather than in the fourth century) as when the first post-glazing (unglazed) lamps were produced. Such observation could not made in Cilicia yet. — 194 — Early Byzantine Lamps from Alata : A Cemetery Site in Rough Cilicia • 16-18 short radiating, but lightly curving lines (nos. 9-11); • 10-13 short curved lines in form of a wind rose or pin wheel (nos. 12-14); • 10 longer radiating lines in form of an Early Byzantine Latin cross in outline (nos. 15-17); • discus circulation by 15 raised knobs (no. 18); • discus circulation by 11 raised knobs and 4 raised knobs between the nozzle and discus ring (no. 19), and discus circulation by two raised knob rows and 4 raised knobs between the nozzle and discus ring (no. 20). Beside plain shoulder as at No. 1 four shoulder decoration patterns are as follows : • two chevrons, extending between the wick hole and handle, each arc of chevron filled with 6 raised knobs, a degenerated pattern inspired from the scrolling vines decoration (as chevron) with grapevine patterns (as raised knobs) (nos. 2-4); • short radiating or curving lines (nos. 5, 7-13, and 1520); • a row of raised knobs (no. 6), and tongues (no. 14). Most common shoulder decoration pattern is, however, short, sometimes thick or thin, radiating or curving lines. In Type II all of the lamps have a common design and ornamentation, which were made without great care. Beside discus and shoulders a third area for decoration is between the discus and wick hole (nozzle). In some lamps 4 or 5 raised knobs were decorated here (in form of a cross in outline?). Most of the lamps have no trace of carbon. They should be in use in the performance of the burial liturgy. Most of the Early Byzantine terracotta oil lamps in Cilicia were assigned as burial gifts in tombs. No inscription with the maker’s name has been observed. It is hard to estimate where these lamps were produced since samples for analogy are very few, and we know almost nothing about the local production. So far not enough work has been done or published in Cilicia, on Cyprus or in Syria to understand their provenance in detail; but Alata lamps have close parallels from the contemporary Cypriot and Syrian products10. Although former researches indicate extreme regionalism in the Early Byzantine to Late Byzantine periods in Syria, it is surprising to observe that Alata lamps show a great typological and decoration difference with published examples from other Early Byzantine Cilician findspots, such as Gözlükule, Donuktas1, Anemurium and Antioch. Generally speaking for the Type I the orientation of the disk design and its findspot suggest a Phoenician or Egyptian origin (cf. below). Types II and III are typologically Cypro-Cilician version of a widespread Byzantine lamp type of late 5th to 6th century A.D.11. On the other hand typology of these groups resembles with SyroPalestinian lamps and Antiochian samples. But the point of their similarity is very general and our groups are really more degenerate ones. Their “country style” degenerated and careless decoration associates with known Cilician and Cypriot lamps; therefore they could be classified as “Cypro-Cilician” lamps, though in Phoenician or SyroPalestinian style. According to Hayes the thin Cilician fabric of Roman Imperial times approximates to that of Cypriot lamps, and production of these regions are not easily distinguishable12. Therefore we are not able to determine if Alata lamps were manufactured on Cyprus or in Cilicia. The first examples of our type II have been published in Cesnola Collection13. Vessberg puts this group into his types 19 and 20, and he dates them “principally” to the 4th and 4th centuries14. In her type 19, series 4-5, Oziol tries to find an origin for these lamps and discuss the evolution of this type in Cyprus, Cilicia, Syria and Palestine15. In her 1993 catalogue she has identified them as “imitation des lampes syro-palestiniennes”16. She also mentions about a mould at the Pierides collection (no. 5846) found at the excavations in Campanopetra in Northern Cyprus in 1970 which is the exact parallel of her no. 115 (and our no. 12)17. At the excavations of Salamis Oziol and Pouilloux present, in their “6e série”, some “lampes tardives” which can be correlated with our type III18. Oziol’s type 19 “lampes moulées allongées (byzantines)” in her 1997 catalogue can be correlated by its size and unslipped surface treatment with our types I and especially III. At this catalogue nos. 777-788, equal to her type 19th - “série 4e” and “5e” which she defines as “syro-palestiniennes” with more or 10- For Syrian lamps during the Late Antiquity : Dobbins 1977; Modrzewska-Marciniak 1978 and Rey-Coquais 1964; for Palestinian : Da Costa 2004; and Kennedy 1963. 11- For the general type: Vessberg 1953, p. 117, pls. III.22, IV.20; Waagé 1941, p. 67, no. 175. Related to Catling/Dikigoropoulos 1970, p. 49, no. 17, Fig. 4, pl. XXXII B (17) from the Kornos Cave; Cahn-Kleiber 1977, 257, 399-400, no. 379, pl. 40; and Oziol/Pouilloux 1969, no. 465, pl. X. 12- Hayes 1980, p. 72. 13- Di Cesnola 1894, pl. CXL, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1043 and 1046. 14- Vessberg 1953, p. 128. Based on the evidence from Corinth (Broneer 1934, p. 119) Vessberg refers some Corinthian lamps with impressions of coins of Theodisius II on the rim with which he assumes a date for these lamps as 5th and 6th centuries A.D. 15- Oziol 1977, p. 256. 16- Oziol 1993, p. 69; lamps 114-121. 17- Oziol 1993, p. 70. 18- Oziol/Pouilloux 1969, p. 111, pl. XIX, 464. — 195 — Ergün Laflî less same decoration patterns with ours, can also be parallel to our type III19. Another possible location for the typological analogy is Palestine, and typologically our types II and III are very similar to K. da Costa’s type 7E120. Sussman’s “Northern Stamped type” 7E1 (relief decoration)21 is very similar to a type known in Egypt22 and Cyprus23. This type is difficult to place, but similar lamps have been excavated at Abu Mena and Canopus (cf. BMIII 229) and Ehnasya (cf. ROM 129). In comparasion to the K. da Costa’s type 7E1 the Egyptian and Cypriot versions have relief decoration on the shoulder, a more pointed shape and often an ornamental handle. They are also decorated to be viewed with the wick hole away from the viewer, in the Palestinian fashion. Also ROM 304, bought in Adana, dated late 5th-6th A.D., and considered Cilician by Hayes, is very similar in shape and decoration. Sussman’s 7A lamps, decorated with impressed designs, are remarkably close to 7E1 lamps. Although the decoration and shape of the two are different, it should be noted that the 7A lamps do not fit into the Northern Stamped sequence. The Egyptian and Cypriot24 lamps also do not easily fit into the sequences in either of those areas. Due to the orientation of the lamps, K. da Costa suspects a Palestinian origin, the findspots in Egypt notwithstanding. There appear to be two types, 7A possibly earlier than 7E1, or 7E1 as a transitional type between the fully impressed and fully relief decorated versions. Our sole dating criteria is typological and decorative analogy : Oziol dates our type I into 7th century25. For our type II she puts her type 19, series 4-5, in a time span of 6th to 8th century A.D.26. In her 1993 catalogue she had narrowed the beginning of these types of lamp production during the 5th century based on the information driven from the archaeological contexts at Salamis, and continued until the Arabian invasion in 7th century27. Hayes dated the typology of our type III of Cypriot origin into late 6th to 7th century A.D.28. Typologically one can assume that all three types of lamps belong to the transition between the Late Roman and Early Byzantine lamps. The wick hole is a sign of the forthcoming Byzantine lamps. It is observable that beside a typological evolution there is also an evolution in decoration. It is said that 3 or 4 graves were discovered at Alata. These three typological groups could be associated with each of these graves, and therefore one can assume that these lamps can be taken evidence for two or three generations and evolution of Late Roman lamps into Early Byzantine lamps with the first appearance of the wick hole and channel. The lamps published by Williams can be a further criteria to date our lamps : typologically a group of them29 seems to be later in date than our lamps in Alata (latest A.D. 629-630). This could be a used as a terminus post quem for our lamps. Thus a tentative relative chronology for Alata lamps can be well attested in the first half of the 6th century A.D. (500-550). Type I (Fig. 2a) This disk-shaped type consists of only one lamp whose characteristics are given below. 1.) 87.18.20: Whole molded lamp (tot. max. L 11.3 cm; W. 9.2 cm; H. 2.5 cm), upper part of the handle broken; missing fragments and fresh breaks at discus (broken by a colleague accidently, later repaired), disk shaped (=discoid) body; a large, circular medaillion with a figure in the middle; shallow surface, not centered small filler hole (Ø 1.0 x 1.1 cm) on the upper part of the large disk (Ø 6.4 cm), vaguest indication of ridge from shoulders to the disk; remainder of the shoulders (W. c. 1.4 cm) undecorated, plain wick hole (Ø 1.0 cm) and reservoir, independent wick-hole without any channel to the disk, unused (?), unusual handle in an unknown form (as a hole ?; max. L 1.9; max. W. 1.8; H. 1.5 cm), some reliefed features on the handle, plain and broad base. Fine, unslipped; smooth, thin, hard; clay GLEY 2 7/5PB. Inclusions, micaceous. C. A.D. 500. Decoration : Richly decorated with an emphasized figure in the middle (max. H 5.4 cm); a bas-relief, impressed wrongly upside down. A standing single figure in frontal pose, richly dressed, wearing long clothing. Not enough details preserved to describe the clothing in detail. The figure is turned towards the front and looking ahead. The face (H 1.2 cm) is profiled to 1/3, and some facial features are visible. The raised right hand holding up an obliterated object (orb or cornucopiae?) to the edge of the disk whereas the left hand is not clearly visible. On the head the figure wears a three-notched crown (W. 1.1 cm) (something similar to a mural crown of Tyche, or oreol around the head) that perhaps signifies his/her role as a royal or religious personality. He/she wears a cloack (L 3.1 cm; max. W. 2.0 cm) whose thick horizontal folds are visible at the throat. The feature in the left (L 3.0 cm), second recognazible feature in the left side, could be identified as his/her shield, or steering oar, or as a wing, represented from the profile. End of the shield is strangely designed and folded back. 19- Oziol 1977, nos. 771-776. 20- Da Costa 2004. 21- Sussman 1989. 22- Bailey 1988, Q2199-2202; and Hayes 1980, 523-525. 23- Oziol 1977, 826-833. 24- Cypriot lamps during the Late Antiquity : Oziol 1977. 25- Oziol 1993, p. 71, no. 111. 26- Oziol 1977, p. 256. 27- Oziol 1993, 69 and 70. 28- Hayes 1980, p. 84, no. 346. 29- Williams 1977, 189-190 and pl. XXXV a-c. — 196 — Early Byzantine Lamps from Alata : A Cemetery Site in Rough Cilicia As a dress covering the whole body the figure has a floor-length chiton. From the waist it falls all the way to the ground and drapes over the feet. Thick vertical folds of the chiton are visible at his/her body. In the middle a belt is dividing the chiton in its upper and lower parts. This costume is obviously an attribution for his royal or religious personality. Opposite to whole composition as an Early Byzantine iconographical element the feet are represented from the profile, but not frontal. Personification and identification of this male or female figure with an immortal or mortal figure in Late Antiquity is difficult. The disk relief could either be identified as a royal individual (a Roman emperor; Constantine II ?), or as Tyche, Artemis or Nike, but the preservation of the figure makes a specific attribution impossible. The iconography itself is in a more traditionally Late Roman style. If it is not a canonical image of a royal personality, perhaps an incorporation of Tyche, Artemis or Nike representation to an Early Byzantine unknown royal figure. During the Late Antiquity the rich drapery, shields and orbs were common attributes for royal representations. If the left feature was a wing, perhaps it was the image of Nike or Michael, the archangel. It is definetely a simple country style image. The orientation of the disk design and the findspots suggest a Phoenician origin. Through typological comparison this lamp can be classified as “SyroPalestinian lamp”; other examples of Syro-Palestinian lamps are present in the Museum of Mersin. If the figure is a Tyche image it would be a fine example of the continuity of the cult of an Antiochian goddess in Early Byzantine period. The iconographical program of these lamps and especially this figure should be analyzed in relation to its archaeological setting to explain the association between this lamp and the ritual occuring at this cemetery. Comparanda : There are exact parallels to the form of this lamp in Cyprus (Salamis) and the British Museum catalogues, where Bailey says it is from Egypt, based on some very dodgy provenances30. So far no parallel to the motif, but it is possible to find similar styles. There are some similarities with the Tunisian clay lamp production, figural style, but also with some compositions on ivory object, like pyxis and numismatic etc. Further on, some analogies could maybe be found on eulogia vessels, St. Minas ampulae. This lamp form is, however, rare in Cyprus and in Egypt. Also, the orientation, with the handle down, is, for the Late Roman/Early Byzantine, normally known in Palestine as well - but no lamps in Palestine is observed similar to this. Given the distribution, Phoenicia is unknown for this period, but most odd lamps seem to have a distribution of coastal Palestine, southern coast of Turkey, and a few in Cyprus as well as in Egypt, which suggests to me they are being shipped around, and Beirut/Tyre/Sidon would be the obvious provenances. For their provenance Oziol suspects as “importations”, and believes Egypt as a possible location31. As Oziol points out, this type is decorated with Roman, but also Christian and Jewish iconography, such as crosses, menorah, unidentified human figures, hunting scenes, various animals, gladiators, Europe and bull32. Typological and decorative analogy : Typologically the closest parallels : Oziol 1977, pl. 45, Nos. 827-832 which she calls as “lampes orientales variées”; Oziol 1993, 71, 111-113, and p. 72, Fig. 16, 111-113, and Hayes 1980, 522-525. The most characteristics feature at Cypriot examples are that figures were impressed upside down like our examples; but the circle of the medaillion is more clear than our one. Same handle shape is observable. Also Djuric 1995, 76-79 “Egyptian type" discoid form; similar handles and figural compositions; Goldman/Jones 1950, p. 97; Dobbins 1977 (from Dibsi Faraj in northern Syria); and Volbach 1976. For the decorative analogy with the costume of Theodosius I at “Missorium of Theodosius” from Almendralejo, Spain : Dannheimer/Dopsch 1988, objekt no.: I.1, p. 372. A further decorative analogy could be made with an unpublished ivory plaque of a dyptich from Caricin Grad/Iustiniana Prima (?) in Serbia, where a figure with wings is shown in a relief. Some authors are pointing to the fact that similar or same Christian iconographical solutions do appear on different objects, like lamps, reliquiaries, pyxis, eulogies etc.: in case of representing of Artemis - Artemis on the Athenian lamps of the 3rd and 4th century: Perlzweig 1961, nos. 646-647, pl. 15; an emperor portrait at a Late Roman lamp from Crimea : Gilevich 1961, p. 53, Fig. 1a: a lamp from a tomb in Chersonessos in Crimea with the portrait of emperor Maximian Gercul; Tyche images on Late Roman lamps : Broneer 1934, p. 601, p. 193, Fig. 116; and Perlzweig 1961, p. 98, no. 319; and from Tarsus (Roman): Goldman/Jones 1950, p. 113, Fig. 456 (very similar clothing with our example). Type II (figs. 2b-f and 7a-b) It is a group of almond shaped lamps; the sole difference to Type III is the discus ring made by one or two thick circles, and having no channel to the nozzle. Within this group two types of dicsus are present : a. Only one discus circle (No. 2); b. Two concentric discus circles (Nos. 3-6). It is interesting to note that at Oziol’s catalogue lacks this type. 2.) 87.18.11 (Fig. 2b): Whole molded lamp (tot. L 8.8 cm; W 7.4 cm), discus ring (Ø 4.1 cm) made by a thick circle, no channel to independent nozzle, discus decorated with 8 lines and 4 semi-circular arcs in a form of a cross in outline around the discus (filler hole Ø 0.7 cm) with 12 filled raised knobs in each edge; shoulders (W 1.5 cm) decorated with two chevrons, extending between the wick hole and handle, each arc of chevron filled with 6 raised knobs, a degenerated pattern inspired from the scrolling vines decoration (as chevron) with grapevine patterns (as raised knobs), plain wick hole (Ø 0.8 cm) and reservoir, 5 raised knobs between the nozzle and discus ring, designed in form of a cross in outline; no carbon, unused (?), small spike handle at rear (L 1.3 cm; W 1.6 cm) limits the decoration, plain and broad base. Unslipped; matt; clay GLEY 2 8/5PB. Inclusions, micaceous. C. A.D. 475-500. 3.) 87.18.12 (Fig. 2c) : Whole molded lamp (tot. L. 9.2 cm; max. W. 7.1 cm), typologically same with no. 2; discus ring (Ø 3.3 cm) made by two thin concentric circles, no channel to independent nozzle, discus decorated with 16 thin linears radiating between the first circle and edge of filling hole (Ø 0.8 cm); shoulders (W 1.6 cm) decorated with two chevrons, extending between the wick hole and handle, each arc of chevron filled with 6 raised 30- For parallels at Salamis cf. above; BM : Bailey 1988. 31- Oziol 1993, p. 69: “… Chypre achète plutôt des lampes d’Asie Mineure ou d’Orient…. Les importations les plus abondantes et celles qui ont et la plus grande influence sur les fabrications locales viennent du Levant.”; and also p. 71, no. 111. 32- Oziol 1993, p. 71, no. 111. — 197 — Ergün Laflî knobs, a degenerated pattern inspired from the scrolling vines decoration (as chevron) with grapevine patterns (as raised knobs), plain wick hole (Ø 1.1 cm) and reservoir, undecorated nozzle; no carbon, unused (?), small spike handle at rear (L 1.5 cm; W. 1.5 cm) limits the decoration, plain and broad base. Unslipped (or black slipped; GLEY 1 2.5/N); matt; clay GLEY 2 8/10PB. Inclusions, micaceous. C. A.D. 475-500. 4.) 87.18.10 (Fig. 2d) : Whole molded lamp (tot. L 9.0 cm; max. W. 7.3 cm), typologically and with decoration similar with no. 3; discus ring Ø 3.5 cm; discus decorated with 18 thin linears radiating between the first circle and edge of filling hole (Ø 0.8 cm); no carbon, unused (?), small spike handle at rear (L 1.5 cm; W 0.8 cm) limits the decoration, plain and broad base. Unslipped (or slip is washed out); matt; clay 5YR 7/6. Inclusions, micaceous. C. A.D. 475-500. 5.) 87.18.19 (Fig. 2e) : Whole molded lamp (tot. L 8.8 cm; W 7.3 cm), typologically same with no. 3; discus ring Ø 3.8 cm; discus decorated with 14 thick linears (elliptical pellets or strokes) radiating between the first circle and almost edge of filling hole (Ø 0.7 cm); shoulders (W 1.6 cm) surrounded by short but thick radiating lines; plain wick hole (Ø 1.5 cm) and reservoir, nozzle separated from the rim; 5 raised knobs between the noz-zle and discus ring, designed in form of a cross in outline; no carbon, unused (?), small spike handle at rear (L 1.3 cm; W 1.2 cm) limits the decoration, plain and broad base. Unslipped; matt; clay GLEY 2 7/5PB. Inclusions, micaceous. C. A.D. 475-500. 6.) 87.18.7 (Fig. 2f) : Whole molded lamp (tot. L 8.9 cm; W. 7.0 cm), typologically same with no. 3; discus ring Ø 3.4 cm, thicker than No. 5; discus decorated with 12 thick linears radiating between the first circle and edge of filling hole (Ø 0.8 cm); shoulders (W 1.8 cm) surrounded by a row of raised knobs; plain wick hole (Ø 0.8 cm) and reservoir, nozzle separated from the rim; between the nozzle and discus ring a thick circle; no carbon, unused (?), small spike handle at rear (L 1.8 cm; W. 1.0 cm) limits the decoration, plain and broad base. Unslipped (or slip is washed out); matt; clay 7.5YR 7/8. Inclusions, micaceous. C. A.D. 475-500. Type III (figs. 2g-t) Although Type III is also almond shaped, their discus ring made by two thick transverse concentric grooves, extending forward to front of nozzle on each side to form a nozzle trough and flanking the nozzle. All other typological characteristics are similar to Type II. Decoration patterns are, however, richer in variations than Type II. Since in her catalogue Oziol gives an excellent typological description of this type, the reader is referred to that report for typological details. 7.) 87.18.1 (Fig. 2g) : Whole molded lamp (tot. L 9.9 cm; W. 8.1 cm), discus ring (Ø 4.0 cm) made by two thick transverse concentric grooves, extending forward to front of nozzle on each side to form a nozzle trough and flanking the nozzle (as if a disk with channel to nozzle) (filling hole Ø 0.8 cm); shoulders (W 1.8 cm) and discus decorated with short and thin radiating lines, plain wick hole (Ø 0.8 cm) and reservoir, discus with channel to wickhole, undecorated U-shaped nozzle separated from the rim, carbon, used, small spike handle at rear (L 1.7 cm; W 1.8 cm) limits the decoration, plain and broad base. Unslipped (or black slipped; GLEY 1 2.5/N); matt; clay 7.5YR 7/8. Inclusions, micaceous. C. A.D. 500-525. 8.) 87.18.9 (Fig. 2h) : Whole molded lamp (tot. L 9.7 cm; W. 7.8 cm, discus ring Ø 4.3 cm); same typological and decoration characteristics with 87.18.1 (filling hole Ø 0.9 cm; shoulders : W. 1.6 cm; wick hole Ø 0.9 cm); biconical shape; discus decorated with 15 short radiating lines; no carbon, unused (?), small spike handle at rear (L and W. 1.0 cm), plain and broad base, same preservation with no.1. Unslipped (or black slipped; GLEY 1 2.5/N; slip is washed out); matt; clay GLEY 2 7/5PB. Inclusions. C. A.D. 500-525. Typological and decorative analogy : Oziol 1977, p. 260, no. 777 (from Vasa ?). 9.) 87.18.13 (Fig. 2i) : Whole molded lamp (tot. L 9.1 cm; W. 7.4 cm, discus ring Ø 3.6 cm); same typological and decoration characteristics with 87.18.1 (filling hole Ø 0.9 cm; shoulders : W. 1.9 cm; wick hole Ø 0.9 cm), discus decorated with 16 short radiating, but lightly curving lines; in nozzle trough a raised knob as a decoration pattern; no carbon, unused (?), small spike handle at rear (L 1.6 cm; W 1 cm), plain and broad base, poorly preserved. Unslipped; matt; clay GLEY 1 8/5GY. Inclusions. C. A.D. 500-525. 10.) 87.18.2 (Fig. 2j) : Wick hole and forefront broken (tot. max. L 8.5 cm; W. 7.5 cm, discus ring Ø 3.6 cm), same typological and decoration characteristics with 87.18.1 (filling hole Ø 0.7 cm; shoulders : W. 1.9 cm), discus decorated with 18 short radiating, but lightly curving lines; in nozzle trough a raised knob as a decoration pattern; no carbon, unused (?), small spike handle at rear (L and W 1.5 cm), plain and broad base, same preservation with No.1. Unslipped; matt; clay GLEY 1 8/10Y. Inclusions. C. A.D. 500-525. 11.) 87.18.17 (Fig. 2k) : Whole molded lamp (tot. L 9.0 cm; W. 7.1 cm, discus ring Ø 3.8 cm); same typological and decoration characteristics with 87.18.1 (filling hole Ø 0.6 cm; shoulders : W. 1.5 cm; wick hole Ø 0.6 cm), discus decorated with 16 short radiating, but lightly curving lines (in form of wind rose or pin wheel ?); undecorated nozzle trough; carbon, used, small spike handle at rear (L 1.0 cm; W 1.3 cm), plain and broad base. Unslipped (or black slipped; GLEY 1 2.5/N; slip is washed out); matt; clay GLEY 1 8/5GY. Inclusions. C. A.D. 500-525. 12.) 87.18.18 (Fig. 2l) : Whole molded lamp (tot. L 10.1 cm; W. 8.1 cm, discus ring Ø 4.1 cm); same typological and decoration characteristics with 87.18.1 (filling hole Ø 0.7 cm; shoulders: W. 1.6 cm; wick hole Ø 0.7 cm), discus decorated with 10 short curved lines in form of a wind rose or pin wheel (=eingestanzte Kringel?); undecorated nozzle trough; no carbon, unused (?), small spike handle at rear (L and W. 1.5 cm), plain and broad base. Unslipped; matt; clay 5Y 8/3. Inclusions. C. A.D. 500-525. Typological and decorative analogy: Oziol 1993, p. 71, no. 115; p. 72, Fig. 16, 115; Catling/Dikigoropoulos 1970, p. 49; Oziol 1977, 772-777; Hayes 1980, p. 346; and Menzel 1969, p. 651. 13.) 87.18.16 (Fig. 2m) : Whole molded lamp (tot. L 9.9 cm; W. 8.2 cm, discus ring Ø 4.7 cm); same typological and decoration characteristics with 87.18.1 (filling hole Ø 0.9 cm; shoulders W. 1.9 cm; wick hole Ø 0.9 cm), discus decorated with 11 short curved lines in form of a wind rose or pin wheel (=eingestanzte Kringel?); nozzle trough decorated with three raised knobs; no carbon, unused (?), small spike handle at rear (L and W. 2.0 cm), plain and broad base. Unslipped; matt; clay GLEY 2 7/5PB. Inclusions. C. A.D. 500-525. Decorative analogy : Similar discus decoration: Baydur/Karakaya 2001, pl. LVIII, 305 and 311. 14.) 87.18.5 (Fig. 2n) : Whole molded lamp (tot. L 10.1 cm; W. 8.3 cm), discus ring (Ø 4.4 cm), a missing fragment in wick — 198 — Early Byzantine Lamps from Alata : A Cemetery Site in Rough Cilicia hole; same typological characteristics with 87.18.1 (filling hole Ø 1.0 cm; shoulders W. 1.6 cm; wick hole Ø 1.0 cm), discus decorated with 13 short curves in form of a wind rose or pin wheel (=eingestanzte Kringel?); nozzle trough decorated with a raised knob; shoulders (W. 1.6 cm) decorated with tongues33; no carbon, unused (?), small spike handle at rear (L 1.8 cm; W. 1.7 cm), plain and broad base. Unslipped; matt; clay GLEY 2 7/10BG. Inclusions. C. A.D. 500-525. 15.) 87.18.8 (Fig. 2o) : Molded lamp (tot. L. 9.1 cm; W. 7.5 cm), a little part of wick hole as well as discus ring (Ø 3.7 cm) is broken, otherwise whole, same typological and decoration characteristics with 87.18.1 (shoulders W. 2.0 cm; wick hole Ø 0.8 cm), discus decorated with radiating lines; no carbon, unused (?), small spike handle at rear (L 1.3 cm; W 1.5 cm), plain and broad base, same preservation with no.1. Unslipped; matt; clay GLEY 1 8/10Y. Inclusions. C. A.D. 500-525. 16.) 87.18.3 (Fig. 2p) : Molded lamp (tot. L 9.5 cm; W. 7.6 cm), discus ring (Ø 3.9 cm) is partially broken, otherwise whole, same typological and decoration characteristics with 87.18.1 (filling hole Ø 0.9 cm; shoulders W. 1.6 cm; wick hole Ø 0.8 cm), discus decorated with 10 longer radiating lines (in form of a Latin cross in outline ?); no carbon, unused (?), small spike handle at rear (L and W 1.5 cm), plain and broad base, same preservation with no.1. Unslipped; matt; clay GLEY 1 8/10Y. Inclusions. C. A.D. 500-525. Typological and decorative analogy: Oziol 1977, p. 262, no. 788. 17.) 87.18.6 (Fig. 2q) : Whole molded lamp (tot. L 9.2 cm; W. 7.5 cm); same typological characteristics with 87.18.1 (filling hole Ø 0.8 cm; shoulders W. 1.5 cm; wick hole Ø 0.9 cm); discus ring (Ø 3.7 cm) made by only one groove, extending forward to front of nozzle on each side to form a nozzle trough and flanking the nozzle (as if a disk with channel to nozzle), discus decorated with an Early Byzantine Latin cross in outline; shoulder decorated with thin and long radiating lines; no carbon, unused (?), small spike handle at rear (L 1.7 cm; W. 1.5 cm), plain and broad base; same preservation with no.1. Unslipped; matt; clay GLEY 1 8/10Y. Inclusions. C. A.D. 500-550. Cilician local product. Typological and decorative analogy: Oziol 1977, p. 261, no. 786; Catling/Dikigoropoulos 1970, p. 49, no. 17; and cross decoration in outline: Hayes 1980, 73-74, no. 305. 18.) 87.18.15 (Fig. 2r) : Whole molded lamp (tot. L 9.8 cm; W. 7.9 cm; discus ring Ø 4.1 cm); same typological characteristics with 87.18.1 (filling and wick holes Ø 0.9 cm; shoulders W. 1.9 cm); discus circled by 15 raised knobs; shoulder decorated with thick radiating lines; no carbon, unused (?), small spike handle at rear (L 1.6 cm; W. 1.8 cm), plain and broad base; same preservation with no.1. Unslipped; matt; clay GLEY 1 8/10Y. Inclusions. C. A.D. 500-525. 19.) 87.18.4 (Fig. 2s) : Whole molded lamp (tot. L 9.3 cm; W. 8.0 cm; H 3.0 cm); same typological characteristics with 87.18.1 discus ring (Ø 4.3 cm) circled by 11 raised knobs, 4 raised knobs between the nozzle and discus ring; shoulders (W. 1.7 cm) surrounded by short but thick radiating lines (filling hole Ø 0.8 cm; wick hole Ø 1.0 cm); no carbon, unused (?), small spike handle at rear (L 1.5 cm; W. 1.7 cm; H. 1.0 cm), plain and broad base; same preservation with no.1. Unslipped; matt; clay GLEY 1 7/10GY. Inclusions. C. A.D. 500-525. Typological and decorative analogy: Oziol 1977, p. 260, no. 779 (from Dhiorios). 20.) 87.18.14 (Fig. 2t) : Whole molded lamp (tot. L 9.9 cm; W. 8.1 cm; discus ring Ø 4.1 cm); same typological characteristics with 87.18.1 (filling hole Ø 0.8 cm; shoulder W. 2.4 cm; wick hole Ø 1.2 cm), discus circled by two raised knob rows, 4 raised knobs between the nozzle and discus ring; shoulder decorated with thick radiating lines; nozzle trough decorated with raised knobs; no carbon, unused (?), small spike handle at rear (L and W. 1.3 cm), plain and broad base; same preservation with no.1. Unslipped (or white slipped?); matt; clay GLEY 1 8/10GY. Inclusions. C. A.D. 500-525. Terracotta Spouted Juglet (Fig. 3) Same fabric with the lamps (from the same workshop?). 21.) 87.18.21: Whole terracotta spouted (L 1.6 cm) juglet (tot. max. H 12.0 cm; W. 7.6 cm) with a handle (Th 1.0 cm); only some fresh breaks on its rim part, rim (Ø 2.5 cm) was probably outcurved; plain and broad base (Ø 4.1 cm). Cylindirical neck (max. H. 5 cm) decorated with groovings. Shoulder decorated with a row of impressed half-concentric circles or archs. Unslipped; matt; clay GLEY 1 8/5GY. Inclusions. C. A.D. 500525. Comparanda : Only published examples are known from Tarsus : Jones 1950, p. 168, Fig. A-l (especially cf. D); Anemurium : Williams 1989; and Kornos Cave on Cyprus : Catling/Dikigoropoulos 1970, pl. XXI 5-8, and pl. XXXIIA 9-10. Some unpublished examples are known from Dumlupınar (cf. below) and from the environs of Mersin. A Glass Early Byzantine Lamp from Dumlupınar (Fig. 4) During the Early Byzantine period other lighting devices became popular such as chandeliers with glass lamps34. The oil used in glass lamps floated on a pool of water, which acted as insulation to stop the vessel fracturing from thermal shock. One way of using these lamps was in a copper or bronze ring fashioned to hold a number of glass lamps : a polykandelon (chandelier). This was suspended from the ceiling, possibly by a pulley system allowing the apparatus to be lowered for lighting. The rescue excavation in 1987 in an Early Byzantine cemetery site in Dumlupınar, west of Mersin unearthed one such glass lamp of 6th century A.D. where similar juglets like no. 21 were also encovered. It is one of the very few glass lamp found in a grave. 22.) 87.17.5 : Bottom of base is broken; otherwise completely intact. Light olive green transparent glass. Iris surface. It contains a corosion. Tot. max. H 11.2 cm; rim Ø 9.3 cm; max. body Ø 6.8 cm; max. stem H. 1.1 cm. Bell-like body with very thin and solid stem; rounded rim is light outcurved. A.D. 500-550. Comparanda : Glass lamps are known from TarsusCumhuriyet Meydanı excavations in Cilicia35. Similar examples 33- Comparable to Ennabli 1976, pl. 1, L1. 34- Crowfoot/Harden 1931. — 199 — Ergün Laflî from Palatine are dated to the 7th century A.D.36. Some intact examples are known from various places37. At the St. Nicholas church at Myra it has been evidenced that these chalices were used as lamps for illumination38. Some further parallel examples are known from Gerasa39. Conclusions It is remarkable that very few of these lamps were bearing Christian symbols, and only one of the lamps was decorated with a figure; the rest were bearing simple decoration. With our lamps one could also assume that at least two different lamp traditions were going on in Early Byzatine Cilicia since Alata lamps show a great difference with the contemporary lamps from Tarsian sites or Anemurium. Also the fact that some of these lamps could have been imported from Cyprus or Egypt could be taken as a further evidence for inter-regional exchange in Early Byzantine era despite the increasing regionalism in the later 6th to 7th centuries A.D. in the eastern Mediterranean. Typological and iconographical homogeneity of these lamps provide the assumption that a great percentage of these lamps were produced at one single workshop; but as discussed above, one cannot make sure at present whether this production center was located in Cilicia, on Cyprus or elsewhere in the eastern Mediterranean. An archaeometrical analysis will surely shed light on this matter. These lamps are reflecting a short evolution for the typology and decoration of Early Byzantine lamps in the eastern Mediterranean, and they could be classified as “country style local lamps”. As a future goal one should perhaps control the typology and other characteristics of oil lamps from other sites in Cilicia, especially from the grave sites, to see the range of types and forms and to find out whether and how characteristics of these lamps differ in various sites. The range and variety of material would also show the role of Cilicia in Early Byzantine lamps production, consumption, iconographical and typological evolution. ABBREVIATIONS AND REFERENCES Acara/Olcay 1997 : M. Acara/B.Y. Olcay, Bizans Döneminde Aydınlatma Düzeni ve Demre Aziz Nikolaos Kilisesi’nde Kullanılan Aydınlatma Gereçleri, Adalya II (1997), 249-266 Bailey 1988 : D. M. Bailey, A Catalogue of the Lamps in the British Museum III: Roman Provincial Lamps, British Museum Publications, London 1988 Baydur/Karakaya 2001 : N. Baydur/M. Karakaya, Kandiller. In N. Baydur/N. Seçkin (eds.), Tarsus Donuktas1 Kazı Raporu. Tarih Arkeoloji Sanat ve Kültür Mirasını Koruma Vakfı Yayınları 6/Kazı ve Aras1tırma Raporları Serisi 3, Istanbul 2001, 69-100 Broneer 1934 : O. Broneer, Terracotta Lamps. Corinth. Results of Excavations conducted by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Vol. IV, Part II, Cambridge, M.A. 1934 Cahn-Kleiber 1977: E.M. Cahn-Kleiber, Die antiken Tonlampen des Archäologischen Institut der Universität Tübingen, Tübingen 1977 Catling/Dikigoropoulos 1970: H.W. Catling/A.I. Dikigoropoulos, The Kornos Cave: An Early Byzantine Site in Cyprus, Levant II (1970), 43-59 Di Cesnola 1894 : L.P. Di Cesnola, A Descriptive Atlas of the Cesnola Collection of Cypriote Antiquities in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Vol. II, New York 1894 Da Costa 2004 : K. da Costa, Byzantine and Early Umayyad Ceramic Lamps from Palaestina/Arabia (ca. 300-700 AD), (unpublished Ph.D., University of Sydney), Sydney 2004 Crowfoot/Harden 1931 : G.M. Crowfoot, D.B. Harden, Early Byzantine and Later Glass Lamps, JEA XVII/ (1931), 196-208 Dannheimer/Dopsch 1988 : H. Dannheimer/H. Dopsch (eds.), Die Bajuwaren. Von Severin bis Tassilo 488-788. Katalog der Gemeinsamen Landesausstellung des Freistaates Bayern und des Landes Salzburg in Rosenheim/Bayern und Mattsee/Salzburg vom 19. Mai bis 6. November 1988, Salzburg/Munich 1988 Djuric 1995 : S. Djuric, The Anawati Collection, Catalog I. Ancient Lamps from the Mediterranean, Toronto 1995 Dobbins 1977 : J. J. Dobbins, Terracotta Lamps of the Roman Province of Syria, Vols I & II, (unpublished Ph.D., University of Michigan), Michigan 1977 Dusenbery 1971 : E.B. Dusenbery, Ancient Glass in the Collection of Wheaton College, JGS XIII (1971), 23-36 Ennabli 1976 : A. Ennabli, Lampes chrétiennes de Tunisie (Musées du Bardo et de Carthage). Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Coll. Études d'antiquités africaines, Paris 1976 Gilevich 1961 : A.M. Gilevich, Mogila s dvumya podboyami. In: Soobshenia Chersonesskogo muzeya. - Vip. 2, Simferopol 1961 Goldman/Jones 1950 : H. Goldman/F. F. Jones, The Lamps. In : H. Goldman (ed.) Excavations at Gözlü Kule, Tarsus Vol 1: The Hellenistic and Roman Periods, Princeton, N.J. 1950, 84-134. Hayes 1980 : J. W. Hayes, Ancient Lamps in the Royal Ontario Museum 1: Greek and Roman Clay Lamps, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto 1980 Hild 1991 : F. Hild, Die Route der Tabula Peutingeriana (Tab. Peut.) von Iconium über Ad Fines und Tetrapyrgia nach 35- Olcay 1998. 36- Sternini 2001, Fig.11, nos. 112-114. 37- Dusenbery 1971, 9-33, Fig. 35. 38- Olcay 2001, 77-87; Fig. 7; and Acara/Olcay 1997, Fig. 3. 39- Meyer 1987, p. 211 note 46, Fig. 8. — 200 — Early Byzantine Lamps from Alata : A Cemetery Site in Rough Cilicia Pompeiopolis in Kilikien. In : J. Courtils et al. (eds.), De Anatolia Antiqua/Eski Anadolu I, Bibliothèque de l´Insitut français d´études Anatoliennes d´Istanbul XXXII, Paris 1991, 311-316 Hild/Hellenkemper 1990 : F. Hild/H. Hellenkemper, Kilikien und Isaurien, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 5, Denkschriften der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, PhilosophischHistorische Klasse, Band 215, Vienna 1990 Ivison 1996 : E. Ivison, Burials and Urbanism in Late Antique and Early Byzantine Corinth. In : N. Christie/S.T. Loesby (eds.) Towns in Transition, Aldershot 1996, 99-125 Jones 1950 : F. F. Jones, The Pottery. In : H. Goldman (ed.) Excavations at Gözlü Kule, Tarsus Vol 1: The Hellenistic and Roman Periods, Princeton, N.J. 1950, 149-296 Karivieri 1996 : A. Karivieri, The Athenian Lamp Industry in Late Antiquity. Papers and Monographs of the Finnish Institute at Athens, Helsinki 1996 Kennedy 1961-1963 : Ch. A. Kennedy, The Development of the Lamp in Palestine. Berytus. Archaeological Studies XIV (19611963), 67-115 Laflı 2004: E. Laflı, Preliminary Archaeological and Topographical Notes on Classical and Medieval Settlement Patterns in the Mersin Area of Cilicia (southern Turkey). In : Actes du XIVe Congrès UISPP, Université de Liège, Belgique, 28 septembre 2001, Section 13: Epoque romaine, sessions générales et posters, BAR Int. Ser. 1312, Oxford 2004, 77-90 Menzel 1969 : H. Menzel, Antike Lampen im RömischGermanischen Zentralmuseum zu Mainz. Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum zu Mainz, Kataloge 15, Mainz 1969 Méditerranéen ancien. Institut F. Courby (CRA-URA 15) Paris 1977 Oziol 1993 : Th.-J. Oziol, Les lampes au Musée de la Fondation Piérides, Larnaca 1993 Oziol/Pouilloux 1969 : Th.-J. Oziol/J. Pouilloux, Salamine de Chypre I: Les fouilles sous le direction de J. Poullioux et G. Roux. Lampes (octobre 1964-mai 1967). Université de Lyon, Faculté des Lettres - Institut F. Courby, ERA 60, Paris 1969 Perlzweig 1961 : J. Perlzweig, Lamps of the Roman Period. First to Seventh Century after Christ. The Athenian Agora. Results of Excavations conducted by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Vol. VII, Princeton, N.J. 1961 Spanu 2000 : M. Spanu, Burial in Asia Minor during the Imperial Period, with Particular Reference to Cilicia and Cappadocia. In: J. Pearce et al. (eds.), Burial, Society and Context in the Roman World, Oxford 2000, 169-177 Sternini 2001 : M. Sternini, Reperti in vetro de un deposito tardoantico sul colle Palatino, JGS 43 (2001), 21-75 Rey-Coquais 1964 : J.-P. Rey-Coquais, Lampes antiques de Syrie et du Liban. Mélanges de L'Univérsite Saint Joseph 39/2 (1964), 147-165. Vessberg 1953 : O. Vessberg, Hellenistic and Roman Lamps in Cyprus, Opuscula Atheniensia I (1953), 115-129 Volbach 1976 : W.F. Volbach, Elfenbeinarbeiten der Spätantike und des frühen Mittelalters, Mainz 1976 (3rd edition) Waagé 1934 : F. O. Waagé, Lamps, Pottery, Metal and Glass Ware. In: G.W. Elderlin (ed.), Antioch-on-the-Oronthes. The excavations of 1932, Princeton N.J. 1934, 58-75 Meyer 1987 : C. Meyer, Glass from the North Theater Byzantine Church and Soundigs at Jerash, Jordan, 1982-1983. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research Supplement 25 (1987), 211-219 Waagé 1941 : F. O. Waagé, Lamps. In : R. Stillwell (ed.), Antioch-on-the-Orontes III: The Excavations of 1937-1939, Princeton, N. J. 1941, 55-82 Modrzewska-Marciniak 1978 : I. Modrzewska-Marciniak, Lampes d’Anab Safina (Syrie). L’étude typologique. Archeologia 28 {1977 (1978)}, 134-152 Williams/Taylor 1975 : H. Williams/P. Taylor, A Byzantine Lamp Hoard from Anamur (Cilicia), Anatolian Studies XXV (1975), 77-84 Olcay 1998 : B.Y. Olcay, Tarsus Cumhuriyet Alanı Kazısı Cam Buluntuları. Adalya III (1998), 169-178 Williams 1977 : C. Williams, A Byzantine Well-Deposit from Anemurium (Rough Cilicia), Anatolian Studies XXVII (1977), 175-190 Olcay 2001: B.Y. Olcay, Lighting Methods in the Byzantine Period and Findings of Glass Lamps in Anatolia. JGS 43 (2001), 77-87 Williams 1989 : C. Williams, Anemurium : The Roman and Early Byzantine Pottery. Subsidia Mediaevalia, Toronto 1989 Oziol 1977 : Th.-J. Oziol, Salamine de Chypre, VII: Les Lampes du Musée de Chypre. Université Lyon II – Maison de l’Orient — 201 — Ergün Lafl Early Byzantine Lamps from Alata : A Cemetery Site in Rough Cilicia (Southern Turkey) a Fig. 1- Alata and its environs (map: E. Laflı, 2002; scale: 1/8 400 000). b c d Fig. 2, a-t- 20 Early Byzantine terracotta oil lamps from Alata (photo: E. Laflı, 2002; scale: 1/1). g e f h Fig. 2, a-h. Scale 1/2. — pl. 90 — Ergün Lafl Early Byzantine Lamps from Alata : A Cemetery Site in Rough Cilicia (Southern Turkey) m q k j i n r Fig. 2, i - t. Scale 1/2. — pl. 91 — o l p s t Ergün Lafl Early Byzantine Lamps from Alata : A Cemetery Site in Rough Cilicia (Southern Turkey) Fig. 3. An Early Byzantine spouted juglet from Alata (photo: E.. Laflı, 2002). Fig. 4- An Early Byzantine glass lamp from Dumlupınar (photo: E. Laflı, 2002; scale: 1/1). a b f c d g h Fig. 5 a.-i. Decoration patterns at discus (scale: 1/2). — pl. 92 — e i Ergün Lafl Early Byzantine Lamps from Alata : A Cemetery Site in Rough Cilicia (Southern Turkey) a b c d Fig. 6a.-d. Decoration patterns at shoulder (scale 1/1). — pl. 93 —